Motivating Enforcement: Institutional Culture and the Clean Water Act

Vigorous enforcement is a critical component of any credible environmental protection program Congress recognized that fact when it enacted the Clean Water Act in 1972 The Act therefore contains an enforceable pollution control scheme more than adequate federal enforcement tools and calls upon the states and private citizens to aid in the enforcement of the Act Unfortunately enforcement efforts at the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA have lapsed several times in the recent past This article explores a form of selfregulation that would create an ex ante limit on politically motivated attempts to undermine the Act through nonenforcement While not failproof the full blossoming of a proud independent law enforcement culture within EPAs enforcement staff may be one of the most feasible ways in which to maintain a stable and vital enforcement progra

Environmental Law and International Assistance: The Challenge of Strengthening Environmental Law in the Developing World

All too often there is a disturbing gap between what governments say and what governments do The same appears to be true for international donors During the past 10 years the developing world has been awash with donorfunded national environmental action plans and national environmental programs national conservation strategies national biodiversity strategies national agricultural programs and national forestry action plans These documents generally recognize that longterm economic development can only be sustained on an ecologically sound base Many also purport to recognize that the policies and strategies that they set forth will remain empty pronouncements unless appropriate laws and institutional arrangements are put into placeLaw reform however is a difficult proposition New laws are seldom written on a clean slate Dozens of pertinent laws may already exist and a large number of government agencies may be responsible for their implementation There are often serious regulatory gaps and overlapping grants of authority laws which are not sensitive to local conditions and in many instances a lack of administrative and legal capacity Often these problems have not been thoroughly analyzed Legal drafting cannot take place in a vacuum Accurate background studies must be prepared and some consensus must be reached as to the kinds of reform that should be pursued Otherwise fine laws may be written only to gather dust Unfortunately donors and governments often pursue law reform in just such a vacuum In fact law reform appears to be just an afterthought in many cases an exercise that is lightly staffed and lightly financedThis must change Law reform cannot be divorced from the process in which national environmental policy is articulated Legal and institutional issues must inform that debate and law reform in turn must be informed and guided by the resulting policy In this way environmental management can become an integrated whole rather than just a diverse collection of pieces And through such a comprehensive approach institutions can be shaped and strengthened in such a way that they will give life to the resulting legal regimeThe article discusses various elements of a legal reform process including the choice among framework statutes comprehensive statutes and sectoral legislationand the article also contains an extensive discussion of the elements of an effective approach to Environmental Impact Assessmen