Wpływ sposobów uprawy roli i nawożenia azotem na plonowanie pszenżyta ozimego

A field experiment was carried out on a sandy loam soil in the years 2001–2003 at Experimental Station Brody of the Agricultural University of Poznan. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative effects of four tillage systems (conventional tillage, single ploughing, reduce tillage – stubble cultivator, direct sowing) and three nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120 kg ha-1) on the growth dynamics, mineral nutrients and protein accumulation and yield of winter triticale. Winter triticale cv. Fidelio was followed by spring barley. There were no significant differences between the compared tillage systems on the growth dynamics, grain and protein yield. The aboveground biomass, grain and protein yield increased significantly with an increasing of N fertilizer rate. A reduced tillage system and direct sowing was found to affect a higher grain protein content as compared to conventional tillage. The highest grain protein content was observed in the driest and hot year studied.KE

The phenology of winter rye in Poland: an analysis of long-term experimental data

The study of the phenology of crops, although quite popular, has limitations, mainly because of frequent changes to crop varieties and management practices. Here, we present data on the phenology and yield of winter rye in western Poland collected between 1957 and 2012 from a long-term field experiment. Data were examined for trends through time and compared to climatological factors using regression analysis. Both annual air temperature and precipitation increased during the study period, equivalent to 2 °C and 186 mm, respectively, over the 52-year period for which met data were available. We detected significant delays in sowing date and recently in emergence, but significant advances were apparent in full flowering date equivalent to 4 days/decade. Yield and plant density experienced a step like change in 1986; yield increasing by ca. 70 % and plant density increasing by ca. 50 %, almost coinciding with a similar change in annual mean temperature, but most likely caused by a changed seed rate and use of herbicides. Future climate change is expected to have a greater impact on this crop, but farmers may be able to adapt to these changes by modifying water regimes, using new machinery and sowing new rye varieties

Wpływ wieloletniego nawożenia oraz następstwa roślin na plonowanie i zawartość makroelementów w życie ozimym

The research was conducted in the years 2000–2002 on the base crop rotation/fertilization study established in 1957 at the Experimental Station Brody belonging to Agricultural University of Poznan. Winter rye was grown continuously and in seven-course crop rotation (potato, spring barley, alfalfa, alfalfa, spring oilseed rape, winter wheat, winter rye) under four levels of fertilization: control without fertilization, farmyard manure (FYM), farmyard manure + NPK, NPK. In continuous cropping mean yield of winter rye as compared to crop rotation a decrease for the 3-year period reached 18%. The yielding of winter rye indicates similar effect of fertilizing with FYM or NPK only. Combined FYM and NPK fertilization gave significantly higher yields as compared to NPK or FYM by 8.3% and 12.7%, respectively. Above-ground dry matter and mineral nutrients accumulation at stem elongation stage were the highest with combined FYM and NPK treatments. At the early growth stage (GS 32) the above-ground dry matter and nutrients accumulation were slower when FYM was applied alone as compared to mineral (NPK) fertilization. FYM with NPK application increased nutrients uptake (N, P and K) in the grain and straw of winter rye

Crop rotations sustain cereal yields under a changing climate

Agriculture is facing the complex challenge of satisfying increasing food demands, despite the current and projected negative impacts of climate change on yields. Increasing crop diversity at a national scale has been suggested as an adaptive measure to better cope with negative climate impacts such as increasing temperatures and drought, but there is little evidence to support this hypothesis at the field scale. Using seven long-term experiments across a wide latitudinal gradient in Europe, we showed that growing multiple crop species in a rotation always provided higher yields for both winter and spring cereals (average +860 and +390 kg ha(-1) per year, respectively) compared with a continuous monoculture. In particular, yield gains in diverse rotations were higher in years with high temperatures and scant precipitations, i.e. conditions expected to become more frequent in the future, rendering up to c. 1000 kg ha(-1) per year compared to monocultures. Winter cereals yielded more in diverse rotations immediately after initiation of the experiment and kept this advantage constant over time. For spring cereals, the yield gain increased over time since diversification adoption, arriving to a yearly surplus of c. 500 kg ha(-1) after 50-60 years with still no sign of plateauing. Diversified rotations emerge as a promising way to adapt temperate cropping systems and contribute to food security under a changing climate. However, novel policies need to be implemented and investments made to give means and opportunities for farmers to adopt diversified crop rotations

Increasing crop rotational diversity can enhance cereal yields

Diversifying agriculture by rotating a greater number of crop species in sequence is a promising practice to reduce negative impacts of crop production on the environment and maintain yields. However, it is unclear to what extent cereal yields change with crop rotation diversity and external nitrogen fertilization level over time, and which functional groups of crops provide the most yield benefit. Here, using grain yield data of small grain cereals and maize from 32 long-term (10–63 years) experiments across Europe and North America, we show that crop rotational diversity, measured as crop species diversity and functional richness, enhanced grain yields. This yield benefit increased over time. Only the yields of winter-sown small grain cereals showed a decline at the highest level of species diversity. Diversification was beneficial to all cereals with a low external nitrogen input, particularly maize, enabling a lower dependence on nitrogen fertilisers and ultimately reducing greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen pollution. The results suggest that increasing crop functional richness rather than species diversity can be a strategy for supporting grain yields across many environments

Crop rotational diversity can mitigate climate-induced grain yield losses

Diversified crop rotations have been suggested to reduce grain yield losses from the adverse climatic conditions increasingly common under climate change. Nevertheless, the potential for climate change adaptation of different crop rotational diversity (CRD) remains undetermined. We quantified how climatic conditions affect small grain and maize yields under different CRDs in 32 long-term (10-63 years) field experiments across Europe and North America. Species-diverse and functionally rich rotations more than compensated yield losses from anomalous warm conditions, long and warm dry spells, as well as from anomalous wet (for small grains) or dry (for maize) conditions. Adding a single functional group or crop species to monocultures counteracted yield losses from substantial changes in climatic conditions. The benefits of a further increase in CRD are comparable with those of improved climatic conditions. For instance, the maize yield benefits of adding three crop species to monocultures under detrimental climatic conditions exceeded the average yield of monocultures by up to 553 kg/ha under non-detrimental climatic conditions. Increased crop functional richness improved yields under high temperature, irrespective of precipitation. Conversely, yield benefits peaked at between two and four crop species in the rotation, depending on climatic conditions and crop, and declined at higher species diversity. Thus, crop species diversity could be adjusted to maximize yield benefits. Diversifying rotations with functionally distinct crops is an adaptation of cropping systems to global warming and changes in precipitation.</p

Increasing crop rotational diversity can enhance cereal yields

9 Pág.Diversifying agriculture by rotating a greater number of crop species in sequence is a promising practice to reduce negative impacts of crop production on the environment and maintain yields. However, it is unclear to what extent cereal yields change with crop rotation diversity and external nitrogen fertilization level over time, and which functional groups of crops provide the most yield benefit. Here, using grain yield data of small grain cereals and maize from 32 long-term (10–63 years) experiments across Europe and North America, we show that crop rotational diversity, measured as crop species diversity and functional richness, enhanced grain yields. This yield benefit increased over time. Only the yields of winter-sown small grain cereals showed a decline at the highest level of species diversity. Diversification was beneficial to all cereals with a low external nitrogen input, particularly maize, enabling a lower dependence on nitrogen fertilisers and ultimately reducing greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen pollution. The results suggest that increasing crop functional richness rather than species diversity can be a strategy for supporting grain yields across many environments.G.V., R.B. and S.H. acknowledge FORMAS grants 2018-02872 and 2018-02321. TMB acknowledges USDA AFRI grant 2017-67013-26254. LTEs managed by SRUC were supported by the Scottish Government RESAS Strategic Research Programme under project D3-, Healthy Soils for a Green Recovery. Swedish LTEs were funded by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). We thank the Lawes Agricultural Trust and Rothamsted Research for data from the e-RA database. The Rothamsted Long-term Experiments National Capability (LTE-NC) was supported by the UK BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BBS/E/C/000J0300) and the Lawes Agricultural Trust. The Woodslee site was supported by the Agro-Ecosystem Resilience Program (Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada) and field management provided by field crews over 6 decades is appreciated. La Canaleja LTE (Spain) was supported by RTA2017-00006-C03-01 project (Ministry of Science and Innovation. El Encín LTEs were supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness funds (projects AGL2002-04186-C03-01.03, AGL2007-65698-C03-01.03, AGL2012-39929-C03-01 of which L. Navarrete was the P.I). R.A., A.G.D. and E.H.P. are also grateful to all members of the Weed Science Group from El Encín Experimental Station for their technical assistance in managing the experiments. The Brody/Poznan University of Life Sciences long-term experiments were funded by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science. We acknowledge the E-Obs dataset from the EU-FP6 project UERRA (http://www.uerra.eu) and the Copernicus Climate Change Service, and the data providers in the ECA&D project (https://www.ecad.eu/).Peer reviewe

The Effect of Ceasing of Use on the Flora and Plant Associations in Meadows and Pastures of Selected Parts of the Western Carpathians

Celem badań było określenie wpływu zaprzestania gospodarowania na wybranych użytkach zielonych obszaru Karpat Zachodnich na: różnorodność występujących w nich gatunków roślin naczyniowych, wartość użytkową runi, jak również postępowanie procesu synantropizacji. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2010–2013 na użytkach zielonych gdzie podtrzymano (U) lub zarzucono (N) gospodarowanie kośno-pastwiskowe. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały znaczne obniżenie się liczby gatunków w płatach nieużytkowanych, a także mniejsze wartości gospodarcze runi łąkowo-pastwiskowej (Lwu). Wskaźnik synantropizacji wskazał na wysoki poziom przeobrażenia badanych zbiorowisk przez gatunki synantropijne. Natomiast wskaźnik antropofi tyzacji był niski, wynosząc maksymalnie 6,3% na terenie Pogórza Wiśnickiego.The study was carried out in the years 2010–2013 in selected parts of Western Carpathians. The aim was to fi nd out if the ceasing of use could have changed the abundance of species in selected meadows and pastures communities. There were distinguished 6 associations of such vegetation and some of those analyzed communities were annually mowed, whereas in some other, in the last few years there have been noticed the cessation of mowing. The lack of land usage in the studied meadow communities curbed the number of vascular plant species. Such abandonment of agricultural land usage has been observed in southern part of our country since the transformation, after 1990. Among others, it is the result of decreasing number of herbivorous animals. Not only has it contributed to changes in species composition, but also to progress of a synanthropization process

The Effect of Post-Emergence Application of Biostimulants and Soil Amendments in Maize Cultivation on the Growth and Yield of Plants

Maize is considered to be one of the most significant crops in the world. On a global scale, the appropriate yield level of food can largely affect food security. During cultivation, this plant is exposed to many adverse environmental factors, including water deficiency. Plant stress is reduced by applying appropriate biostimulants or soil amendments. This study tested the effectiveness of preparations based on Rhizophagus irregularis, humic acids, Bacillus velezensis + Bacillus licheniformis and Methylobacterium symbioticum. The aim of the project was to assess the effect of selected microorganisms and substances on the growth, yield, and physiological parameters of maize. The hypothesis assumed that the preparations selected for this study could improve the condition of the plants in various soil moisture conditions. All treatments were carried out post-emergence. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse conditions, where, in conditions of different level of soil moisture, optimal and water deficiency, the effect of the above-mentioned substances and microorganisms on the height, mass of plants, and plant chlorophyll fluorescence was determined. Chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and flavonol content were also measured. In two-year field studies, the effect of the same preparations on plant height, grain yield, thousand-grain weight, oil, protein, and starch content in the grain was determined. It was shown that appropriately selected biostimulants have a positive effect on plant growth, physiological parameters, and the yield of maize grain. The impact of preparations on the grain yield depended on the conditions that prevailed in the growing season