Response Speed as a Function of Different Reinforcement Conditions and a Ready Signal

80 preschool children were each administered 40 trials on a key-pressing apparatus. Marbles served as reinforcers. So given a ready signal performed faster than So not given a ready signal. There was no difference in the mean speeds of the partial reinforcement and the varied delay groups, but both of them performed faster than the constant delay group. The continuously and immediately rewarded group performed faster than the other three groups. The effect of a particular reward condition manifested itself on the immediately following trials. Interpretation in terms of competing responses was offered

Healing Images: A Historical Outline of their Use in Western Medical and Psychotherapeutic Traditions

The ancient literature of numerous cultures abounds with accounts of spectacular cures resulting from the imaging process. These accounts are now being corroborated by a growing body of clinical and experimental evidence. The effectiveness of mental imagery in the treatment of a wide variety of problems has been convincingly documented (Sheikh, 1983). This paper outlines the use of imagery in Western medical as well as psychotherapeutic traditions. It concludes with a discussion of the reasons that make imagery an excellent healing agent

Transmutation of a Trans-series: The Gross-Witten-Wadia Phase Transition

We study the change in the resurgent asymptotic properties of a trans-series in two parameters, a coupling $g^2$ and a gauge index $N$, as a system passes through a large $N$ phase transition, using the universal example of the Gross-Witten-Wadia third-order phase transition in the unitary matrix model. This transition is well-studied in the immediate vicinity of the transition point, where it is characterized by a double-scaling limit Painlev\'e II equation, and also away from the transition point using the pre-string difference equation. Here we present a complementary analysis of the transition at all coupling and all finite N, in terms of a differential equation, using the explicit Tracy-Widom mapping of the Gross-Witten-Wadia partition function to a solution of a Painlev\'e III equation. This mapping provides a simple method to generate trans-series expansions in all parameter regimes, and to study their transmutation as the parameters are varied. For example, at any finite N the weak coupling expansion is divergent, with a non-perturbative trans-series completion; on the other hand, the strong coupling expansion is convergent, and yet there is still a non-perturbative trans-series completion. We show how the different instanton terms `condense' at the transition point to match with the double-scaling limit trans-series. We also define a uniform large N strong-coupling expansion (a non-linear analogue of uniform WKB), which is much more precise than the conventional large N expansion through the transition region, and apply it to the evaluation of Wilson loops.Comment: 46 pages; 20 figure

Industrial development, agricultural growth, urbanization and environmental Kuznets curve in Pakistan

The debate of environmental issues and their analysis is of vital interest for economic policies. Institutions are engaged in identifying and estimating the extent of environmental impact of determinants controllable via policy measures. Annual data from the on Carbon Dioxide emission, economic growth, consumption of energy, openness for foreign trade, urbanization, industrial growth and agriculture growth on Pakistan is used for 1971 to 2007. Augmented Vector Autoregression technique and cointegration analysis is implemented to test Granger causality. Gross domestic product significantly Granger causes emission of Carbon Dioxide and energy consumption. On the other hand emissions of CO2 affect economic growth, agriculture and industrial growth in the long run. It is also evident that energy consumption unidirectional Granger causes emission of Carbon Dioxide. Industrialization and urbanization bidirectional Granger causes each other. The results indicate the more careful industrial and energy policies to reduce emissions and control global warming.Pakistan, Carbon Dioxide emission, Environment, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade

Recall of Group Tasks as a Function of Group Cohesiveness and Interruption of Tasks

The paper demonstrates that the motivational concepts underlying the Zeigarnik effect pertaining to individuals attempting to achieve their personal goals can be applied to individuals who are working to attain the group goals. However, this is true only for individuals in cohesive groups as opposed to noncohesive groups

Use of Mental Imagery in Psychotherapy: A Critical Review

The paper presents arguments in favor of the use of mental imagery for therapeutic purposes. Several existing imagery approaches to psychotherapy are critically examined and suggestions for future inquiry are offered. The intimate relation between imagery and the affective-somatic processes is stressed

Race as a Dimension in Children\u27s TV Advertising: The Need for More Research

Most of the current research in the area of television advertising to children deal entirely with white populations. This exclusion of black subjects exists in spite of an abundance of research in education, sociology and psychology which suggests differences in the socialization of black and white children. The present article reviews major studies of television and children and black versus white child development. The authors conclude with several suggestions for further research