Desafios do Tribunal Penal Internacional em torno da cooperação com os Estados

La cooperación internacional constituye uno de los pilares sobre los que se basa la actuación de la Corte Penal Internacional. La experiencia acumulada, sobre todo en las situaciones remitidas por el Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, permite observar las dificultades existentes ante la negación de los Estados de cooperar con la Corte. Este trabajo analiza las causas por las cuales se produce el incumplimiento de los Estados y las medidas que se proponen para fortalecer la cooperación con la Corte como presupuesto para su actuación eficaz.A cooperação internacional constitui um dos pilares sobre os quais se baseia a atuação do Tribunal Penal Internacional. A experiência acumulada, em particular nas situações referidas pelo Conselho de Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas, permite observar as dificuldades existentes ante a negação dos Estados em cooperar com o Tribunal. Este trabalho analisa as razões que levam os Estados a tal descumprimento e as medidas que se propõe para fortalecer a cooperação com o Tribunal como pressuposto para sua eficaz atuação.International cooperation is one of the main pillars on which the performance of the International Criminal Court is based. The experience, in particular, in the situ- ations referred by the Security Council of the United Nations, allows seeing the dif- ficulties derivates from the denial of States to cooperate with the Court. This paper analyzes the causes for which this breach occurs and what measures are proposed to strengthen cooperation with the Court as a precondition for effective action.

Glycosaminoglycans in the human cornea: age-related changes

Abstract AIM: To investigate possible age-related changes in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the human cornea. The substances today called GAGs were previously referred to as mucopolysaccharides. METHODS: Samples of human cornea were taken from 12 younger (age 21 ± 1.2) and 12 older (age 72 ± 1.6) male subjects. Samples were weighed, homogenized, and used for biochemical and molecular analyses. All the quantitative results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The human cornea appears to undergo age-related changes, as evidenced by our biochemical and molecular results. The total GAG and hyaluronic acid counts were significantly higher in the younger subjects than in the older subjects. The sulfated heavy GAGs, such as chondroitin, dermatan, keratan, and heparan sulfate, were lower in the younger subjects than in the older subjects. DISCUSSION: GAGs of the human cornea undergo numerous age-related changes. Their quantity is significantly altered in the elderly in comparison with younger subjects. GAGs play an important role in age-related diseases of the human cornea

Existence and multiplicity of solutions for Dirichlet problems involving nonlinearities with arbitrary growth.

In this article we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions for the Dirichlet problem \displaylines{ -\Delta_p u=\lambda f(x,u)+ \mu g(x,u)\quad\hbox{in }\Omega,\cr u=0\quad\hbox{on } \partial \Omega} where $\Omega$ is a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^N$, $f,g:\Omega \times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ are Caratheodory functions, and $\lambda,\mu$ are nonnegative parameters. We impose no growth condition at $\infty$ on the nonlinearities f,g. A corollary to our main result improves an existence result recently obtained by Bonanno via a critical point theorem for $C^1$ functionals which do not satisfy the usual sequential weak lower semicontinuity property

Identification and characterization of PlAlix, the Alix homologue from the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.

The sea urchin provides a relatively simple and tractable system for analyzing the early stages of embryo development. Here, we use the sea urchin species, Paracentrotus lividus, to investigate the role of Alix in key stages of embryogenesis, namely the egg fertilization and the first cleavage division. Alix is a multifunctional protein involved in different cellular processes including endocytic membrane trafficking, filamentous (F)-actin remodeling, and cytokinesis. Alix homologues have been identified in different metazoans; in these organisms, Alix is involved in oogenesis and in determination/differentiation events during embryo development. Herein, we describe the identification of the sea urchin homologue of Alix, PlAlix. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that Alix is highly conserved in sea urchins. Accordingly, we detect the PlAlix protein cross-reacting with monoclonal Alix antibodies in extracts from P. lividus, at different developmental stages. Focusing on the role of PlAlix during early embryogenesis we found that PlAlix is a maternal protein that is expressed at increasingly higher levels from fertilization to the 2-cell stage embryo. In sea urchin eggs, PlAlix localizes throughout the cytoplasm with a punctuated pattern and, soon after fertilization, accumulates in larger puncta in the cytosol, and in microvilli-like protrusions. Together our data show that PlAlix is structurally conserved from sea urchin to mammals and may open new lines of inquiry into the role of Alix during the early stages of embryo development

Nonlinear problems on the Sierpi\'nski gasket

This paper concerns with a class of elliptic equations on fractal domains depending on a real parameter. Our approach is based on variational methods. More precisely, the existence of at least two non-trivial weak (strong) solutions for the treated problem is obtained exploiting a local minimum theorem for differentiable functionals defined on reflexive Banach spaces. A special case of the main result improves a classical application of the Mountain Pass Theorem in the fractal setting, given by Falconer and Hu (1999)

Comparative analysis of bed density, total phenol content and protein expression pattern in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile

Posidonia oceanica meadows are experiencing a progressive decline, and monitoring their status is crucial for the maintenance of these ecosystems. We performed a comparativeanalysis of bed density, total phenol content and protein expression pattern to assess the conservation status of Posidonia plants from the S. Marinella (Rome, Italy) meadow. The total phenol content was inversely related to maximum bed density, confirming the relationship between high phenol content and stressful conditions. In addition, protein expression pattern profilesshowed that the number of differentially expressed proteins was dramatically reduced in the latest years compared to previous analyses. Our results support the usefulness of integrating solid descriptors, such as phenol content, with novel biochemical/molecular approaches in the monitoring of meadows

Readiness for Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS) and School Mental Health (SMH) Interconnection: Development of a Stakeholder Survey

Positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) and school mental health (SMH) are prominent initiatives in the United States to improve student behavior and promote mental health and wellness, led by education and mental health systems, respectively. Unfortunately, PBIS and SMH are often separate initiatives in districts and schools, which usually results in many missed opportunities from this failed interconnection. The current paper details a necessary first step in the process by describing the development of a measure of assessing readiness to interconnect PBIS and SMH within the schools. Relevant literature, pilot data, and methodology are discussed, in addition to psychometric properties of the survey and future applications of this instrument for research, practice, and policy

Covering dimension and differential inclusions

summary:In this paper we shall establish a result concerning the covering dimension of a set of the type $\{x\in X:\Phi (x)\cap \Psi (x)\neq \emptyset \}$, where $\Phi$, $\Psi$ are two multifunctions from $X$ into $Y$ and $X$, $Y$ are real Banach spaces. Moreover, some applications to the differential inclusions will be given