Los cuerpos de las mujeres y la cultura machista frente a la violación en Brasil : un atentado a los derechos humanos

Con el paso del tiempo, el cuerpo de la mujer fue siendo encarcelado y sometido a relaciones de poder patriarcales, naturalizándose situaciones de la violencia contra las mujeres. En este contexto, el Instituto de Investigación Económica Aplicada (IPEA), bajo la Presidencia de la República de Brasil, llevó a cabo una encuesta sobre la Tolerancia Social a la Violencia contra la Mujer, donde se entrevistó a 3.810 personas. En esta encuesta, se comprobó claramente que la sociedad brasileña mantiene un patrón significativo aún muy patriarcal y machista, constatándose la idea de culpar a las mujeres por la violación sufrida, debido a su comportamiento social inapropiado. Por lo tanto, este estudio pretende reflejar cómo se produce la construcción cultural de la identidad de las mujeres, analizando el sentido, el lugar del cuerpo de las mujeres ante la violencia sufrida. Para ello, se evidencia las relaciones de género fueron afirmándose a lo largo de la historia, configurándose como construcciones culturales explícitas; en particular, en especial en los cuerpos que fueron siendo modelados por las relaciones patriarcales. Las condiciones identitarias de las mujeres han sido naturalizadas a través de las funciones biológicas de sus cuerpos y de patrones patriarcales, justificándolo desde diversas formas de opresión y violencia subjetiva y objetiva contra las mujeres, lo que es violación de los derechos humanos de la mismas.Over the times, woman‟s body was imprisoned and submitted to relations of patriarchal power, making to seem natural violence situations against women. In this context, the Institute of Applied Economical Research, linked to the Brazilian Republic Presidency, made a research about Social Tolerance to Violence against Women, where 3.810 people were interviewed. In this research it was clearly found that Brazilian society preserves a male and patriarchal pattern, still very significant, and we can verify the idea of blaming women for rapes, due to their inappropriate social behavior. This way, the current paper aims at reflecting on how the cultural formation of women‟s identities occurs, analyzing the sense and the place of women‟s bodies before the violence suffered. So, it‟s perceptible that gender relations were rooting along history, configuring themselves as cultural framings expressed, specially in the bodies outlined by patriarchal relations. The identity conditions of women have been made natural through biological functions of their bodies and of patriarchal patterns, justifying, for that, several forms of subjective and objective oppression and violence against women, what has outraged their human rights

Definition of terms and presentation of processes regarding the collection, recycling and capitalization of waste packaging from agricultural activities

Packaging, packaging waste and agriculture are separate, distinct concepts for Romania in 2015; they seem to have nothing in common. By bringing these words together and thoroughly studying the areas which they represent, we noticed that they are the starting point in defining a new concept: "Agriculture Waste Packaging". This concept is in fact a new issue which Romania will have to face and can bring great harm to the country's natural heritage no later than in 2020

Definition of terms and presentation of processes regarding the collection, recycling and capitalization of waste packaging from agricultural activities

Packaging, packaging waste and agriculture are separate, distinct concepts for Romania in 2015; they seem to have nothing in common. By bringing these words together and thoroughly studying the areas which they represent, we noticed that they are the starting point in defining a new concept: "Agriculture Waste Packaging". This concept is in fact a new issue which Romania will have to face and can bring great harm to the country's natural heritage no later than in 2020

Legal reglementations in the European Union and Romania regarding collection management, recovery and recycle of the waste packaging

Once with the Romania's adherence to the European Union, assuming some obligations and initiatives were imposed, from a national level to a local and a county level. Adherency to the European Union, made Romania assume its politics regarding the environment field and elaborate several plans of European directives implementations. All this plans lead to staging the directions which the European Union imposed by establishing the implementation method, delegating the component authorities and sanctioning all the implicated members, whom do not obey the environment legislation. Throughout these implementation plans, Romania requested transition and derogation periods, establishing clear terms of the implementation of all imposed requirements. Thereby, the next implementation plans were proposed: Implementation of Council Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 on the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community, Directive 2004/12/EC amending Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste, Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the incineration of waste

Quinolone resistance mutations in the faecal microbiota of Swedish travellers to India

Background: International travel contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria over the world. Most studies addressing travel-related changes in the faecal flora have focused on specific mobile resistance genes, or depended on culturing of individual bacterial isolates. Antibiotic resistance can, however, also spread via travellers colonized by bacteria carrying chromosomal antibiotic resistance mutations, but this has received little attention so far. Here we aimed at exploring the abundance of chromosomal quinolone resistance mutations in Escherichia communities residing in the gut of Swedish travellers, and to determine potential changes after visiting India. Sweden is a country with a comparably low degree of quinolone use and quinolone resistance, whereas the opposite is true for India. Methods: Massively parallel amplicon sequencing targeting the quinolone-resistance determining region of gyrA and parC was applied to total DNA extracted from faecal samples. Paired samples were collected from 12 Swedish medical students before and after a 4-15 week visit to India. Twelve Indian residents were included for additional comparisons. Methods known resistance mutations were common in Swedes before travel as well as in Indians, with a trend for all mutations to be more common in the Indian sub group. There was a significant increase in the abundance of the most common amino acid substitution in GyrA (S83L, from 44 to 72 %, p = 0.036) in the samples collected after return to Sweden. No other substitution, including others commonly associated with quinolone resistance (D87N in GyrA, S80I in ParC) changed significantly. The number of distinct genotypes encoded in each traveller was significantly reduced after their visit to India for both GyrA (p = 0.0020) and ParC (p = 0.0051), indicating a reduced genetic diversity, similar to that found in the Indians. Conclusions: International travel can alter the composition of the Escherichia communities in the faecal flora, favouring bacteria carrying certain resistance mutations, and, thereby, contributes to the global spread of antibiotic resistance. A high abundance of specific mutations in Swedish travellers before visiting India is consistent with the hypothesis that these mutation have no fitness cost even in the absence of an antibiotic selection pressure

H+ transport is an integral function of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier.

The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) is a major transport protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It exchanges mitochondrial ATP for cytosolic ADP and controls cellular production of ATP. In addition, it has been proposed that AAC mediates mitochondrial uncoupling, but it has proven difficult to demonstrate this function or to elucidate its mechanisms. Here we record AAC currents directly from inner mitochondrial membranes from various mouse tissues and identify two distinct transport modes: ADP/ATP exchange and H+ transport. The AAC-mediated H+ current requires free fatty acids and resembles the H+ leak via the thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 found in brown fat. The ADP/ATP exchange via AAC negatively regulates the H+ leak, but does not completely inhibit it. This suggests that the H+ leak and mitochondrial uncoupling could be dynamically controlled by cellular ATP demand and the rate of ADP/ATP exchange. By mediating two distinct transport modes, ADP/ATP exchange and H+ leak, AAC connects coupled (ATP production) and uncoupled (thermogenesis) energy conversion in mitochondria

Genotypic and survival characteristics of Escherichia coli phylogroup B2 from water

Water is the most essential substance for life on earth. Hence, strict drinking water guidelines are framed to ensure the safety of drinking water supplies. For over a century, Escherichia coli has been used as the primary indicator of recent faecal contamination in water. E. coli is used as a faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) due to its high prevalence in the gut and faeces of humans, its ease of detection, and the assumption that E. coli cells quickly die once they leave the host. Recent population genetic studies are challenging these assumptions and suggest that E. coli is a versatile species and that some strains have adapted to the external environment or may even have become free-living without any association with the human host. As such, E. coli as FIB is increasingly questioned. Additionally, water industry has been trying to find methods to identify the source of faecal inputs to waterways, including typing of E. coli that have been isolated from the water. For this purpose, first, the prevalence of human associated E. coli strains in water samples from various catchments across Sydney and southeast Queensland regions was investigated. Genotypic characterisation of this study revealed that the four predominantly human associated Sequence Types (ST)s (73, 95, 131, and ST69) represent less than 1% of the total E. coli isolates evaluated. This indicates that the E. coli in these drinking water sources are either non-human in origin or not recently contaminated with human activities. Second, a comparative genomics approach was used to contrast host and environmental isolates of E. coli to determine the extent to which the variable gene content of isolates from these two environments differed. This study showed two distinct clusters, one predominantly human associated and another native vertebrate animal associated. The environmental water isolates were equally distributed between the two clusters. The results hence suggest that not all E. coli from environment are human associated but may originate from animals as well. Third, an experiment was conducted to compare the survival pattern of both host and environmental isolates of E. coli in different water treatment types such as heat sterilisation and filter sterilisation and investigated on the variable gene content of these isolates to better understand the variation in survival with respect to each treatment. This study results suggested that contrary to the expectations that E. coli has poor survival in water, some went dormant achieving viable but non-culturable state (VBNC), exclusively in heat sterilised water, and some E. coli strains survived for extended periods in both water treatments. Further evaluation showed that the among strain variation observed has an underlying genetic component. Hence, to best consider E. coli as a FIB, all the investigations indicate that the difference within E. coli need to be considered and further characterised to differentiate true human E. coli and E. coli from other non-human sources. Overall, the results of these studies contribute towards understanding the limitations of using E. coli as an indicator of recent faecal pollution in water

One in a Hundred – the third year of the development guarantee

Summary of report No 23. The Development Guarantee was introduced in Sweden January 1, 1998. It gives municipalities the opportunity to assume responsibility for young people between the ages of 20 to 24 for which the employment office cannot find employment within 90 days. 2000