A Standard System of Characterization for Olefin Metathesis Catalysts

The success of olefin metathesis has spurred the intense investigation of new catalysts for this transformation. With the development of many different catalysts, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to compare their efficiencies. In this article we introduce a set of six reactions with specific reaction conditions to establish a standard for catalyst comparison in olefin metathesis. The reactions were selected on the basis of their ability to provide a maximum amount of information describing catalyst activity, stability, and selectivity, while being operationally simple. Seven of the most widely used ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts were evaluated with these standard screens. This standard is a useful tool for the comparison and evaluation of new metathesis catalysts

William Holman Hunt and the Pre-Raphaelites: Artistic Aims, Worldview, and Influence on Nineteenth-Century Culture

This work seeks to study and clarify the aesthetic tenets and goals of Pre-Raphaelitism, one of the most significant artistic movements of the nineteenth century, in its formative years from 1848 to 1853. The Pre-Raphaelites rebelled against established artistic styles and methods, seeking instead to accurately depict nature and create art that conveys profound intellectual and spiritual ideas through its literary and religious themes. This project focuses particularly on William Holman Hunt, one of the founding members of the group, and argues that there exist important connections between his worldview, which is defined and discussed, and his art, of which three paintings are analyzed. The present work also examines the Pre-Raphaelites\u27 influence on nineteenth-century British art by outlining the popular styles of the time and comparing these to the Pre-Raphaelites\u27 work and principles. As evidenced in the work of their contemporaries and later artists, this small group of avant-garde artists transformed the art of their own era and beyond

Chapter 02 - From Scroll to Codex: New Technology and New Opportunities

This chapter discusses the shift from writing on scrolls to codices, with emphasis on the cultural influences of this change, especially in the religious sector.https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/history_of_book/1001/thumbnail.jp

MERS-CoV at the animal–human interface: inputs on exposure pathways from an expert-opinion elicitation

Nearly 4 years after the first report of the emergence of Middle-East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and nearly 1800 human cases later, the ecology of MERS-CoV, its epidemiology, and more than risk factors of MERS-CoV transmission between camels are poorly understood. Knowledge about the pathways and mechanisms of transmission from animals to humans is limited; as of yet, transmission risks have not been quantified. Moreover the divergent sanitary situations and exposures to animals among populations in the Arabian Peninsula, where human primary cases appear to dominate, vs. other regions in the Middle East and Africa, with no reported human clinical cases and where the virus has been detected only in dromedaries, represents huge scientific and health challenges. Here, we have used expert-opinion elicitation in order to obtain ideas on relative importance of MERS-CoV risk factors and estimates of transmission risks from various types of contact between humans and dromedaries. Fourteen experts with diverse and extensive experience in MERS-CoV relevant fields were enrolled and completed an online questionnaire that examined pathways based on several scenarios, e.g., camels-camels, camels-human, bats/other species to camels/humans, and the role of diverse biological substances (milk, urine, etc.) and potential fomites. Experts believed that dromedary camels play the largest role in MERS-CoV infection of other dromedaries; however, they also indicated a significant influence of the season (i.e. calving or weaning periods) on transmission risk. All experts thought that MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries and asymptomatic humans play the most important role in infection of humans, with bats and other species presenting a possible, but yet undefined, risk. Direct and indirect contact of humans with dromedary camels were identified as the most risky types of contact, when compared to consumption of various camel products, with estimated 'most likely' incidence risks of at least 22 and 13% for direct and indirect contact, respectively. The results of our study are consistent with available, yet very limited, published data regarding the potential pathways of transmission of MERS-CoV at the animal-human interface. These results identify key knowledge gaps and highlight the need for more comprehensive, yet focused research to be conducted to better understand transmission between dromedaries and humans.published_or_final_versio

Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-positive youths tested in emergency departments: The global PERN-COVID-19 study

Importance: Severe outcomes among youths with SARS-CoV-2 infections are poorly characterized. Objective: To estimate the proportion of children with severe outcomes within 14 days of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in an emergency department (ED). Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study with 14-day follow-up enrolled participants between March 2020 and June 2021. Participants were youths aged younger than 18 years who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection at one of 41 EDs across 10 countries including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, Italy, New Zealand, Paraguay, Singapore, Spain, and the United States. Statistical analysis was performed from September to October 2021. Exposures: Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined by nucleic acid (eg, polymerase chain reaction) testing. Main Outcomes and Measures: Severe outcomes, a composite measure defined as intensive interventions during hospitalization (eg, inotropic support, positive pressure ventilation), diagnoses indicating severe organ impairment, or death. Results: Among 3222 enrolled youths who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 3221 (\u3e99.9%) had index visit outcome data available, 2007 (62.3%) were from the United States, 1694 (52.6%) were male, and 484 (15.0%) had a self-reported chronic illness; the median (IQR) age was 3 (0-10) years. After 14 days of follow-up, 735 children (22.8% [95% CI, 21.4%-24.3%]) were hospitalized, 107 (3.3% [95% CI, 2.7%-4.0%]) had severe outcomes, and 4 children (0.12% [95% CI, 0.03%-0.32%]) died. Characteristics associated with severe outcomes included being aged 5 to 18 years (age 5 to \u3c10 years vs \u3c1 year: odds ratio [OR], 1.60 [95% CI, 1.09-2.34]; age 10 to \u3c18 years vs \u3c1 year: OR, 2.39 [95% CI 1.38-4.14]), having a self-reported chronic illness (OR, 2.34 [95% CI, 1.59-3.44]), prior episode of pneumonia (OR, 3.15 [95% CI, 1.83-5.42]), symptoms starting 4 to 7 days prior to seeking ED care (vs starting 0-3 days before seeking care: OR, 2.22 [95% CI, 1.29-3.82]), and country (eg, Canada vs US: OR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.05-0.23]; Costa Rica vs US: OR, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.05-2.96]; Spain vs US: OR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.27-0.98]). Among a subgroup of 2510 participants discharged home from the ED after initial testing and who had complete follow-up, 50 (2.0%; 95% CI, 1.5%-2.6%) were eventually hospitalized and 12 (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.3%-0.8%) had severe outcomes. Compared with hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-negative youths, the risk of severe outcomes was higher among hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-positive youths (risk difference, 3.9%; 95% CI, 1.1%-6.9%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, approximately 3% of SARS-CoV-2-positive youths tested in EDs experienced severe outcomes within 2 weeks of their ED visit. Among children discharged home from the ED, the risk was much lower. Risk factors such as age, underlying chronic illness, and symptom duration may be useful to consider when making clinical care decisions

Combination of Fentanyl with an Antidote in Transdermal Delivery Systems as an Anti-Abuse-Strategy

Transdermal delivery systems (TDS) containing fentanyl are widely used for the treatment of strong pain due to many advantages like low fluctuations in plasma concentration of the API for a longer period of time and the avoidance of plasma spikes. However, opioid analgesics like fentanyl have a certain potential for abuse with possibly fatal consequences. Opioid drug products are well known for their abuse potential. Therefore, their prescription is closely monitored and there is a special interest in the development of abuse-deterrent formulations that lower the ability of abusive application of an opioid drug product. The current ADF on the market are solid or liquid formulations, but no abuse-deterrent TDS is available. Therefore, the focus of this work was to develop an abuse-deterrent fentanyl transdermal patch combining the opioid fentanyl with the antidote naloxone HCl. The goal was that, comparably to the marketed liquid formulation Valoron N® or the solid ADF Embeda®, the antidote should not have any clinical effect when the formulation is used at the intended therapeutical application but it should be released in case of misuse and antagonise the effects of the opioid