Associations amongst sedentary and active behaviours, energy expenditure, body fat and appetite dysregulation

Purpose The objective was to investigate whether measures of appetite dysregulation were associated with sedentary time, physical activity, energy expenditure or fat mass. Cross-sectional and prospective studies indicate sedentary behaviour is associated with obesity. Most studies use questionnaire based self-report measures of sedentary time. In contrast, this study employed an innovative device that measured motion, galvanic skin response, skin temperature and heat flux. Methods Thirty demographically diverse participants (8men, 22women; age: 49.1±14.2years; BMI: 26.8±4.9kg/m2) took part in this cross-sectional study. Measures of body composition (Bodpod), health markers, cardiovascular fitness and resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), and appetite dysregulation (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Binge Eating Scale) were taken as well as 6-7days measurement of free-living physical activity (light 1.5-3METs; moderate 3-6METs; and vigorous >6METs) and sedentary behaviour (<1.5METs) with the SenseWear Armband (BodyMedia). Active energy expenditure was calculated by subtracting measured resting metabolic rate from total measured energy expenditure calculated by the Armband. Results A minimum of 6 full days (>22h/day) were analysed for each participant (7days: n=14; 6days: n=16). Average wear-time of the SenseWear Armband was 98±1.3% of total possible wear-time. Sedentary behaviour was positively correlated with multiple indices of adiposity including fat mass (r=.39,p3 METs) was negatively associated with fat mass (r=-.69,p<.001), body fat percentage (r=-.70,p<.001) and waist circumference (r=-.65,p<.001). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were not associated with indices of appetite dysregulation. TFEQ Disinhibition and Binge Eating were positively associated with BMI (r=.75,p<.001;r=.57,p=.001), fat mass (r=.70,p<.001;r=.58,p=.001), body fat percentage (r=.63,p<.001;r=.45,p<.05) and waist circumference (r=.69,p<.001;r=.58,p=.001) but not with lean mass (r=.24(ns);r=.13(ns)). Active energy expenditure was negatively associated with sedentary time (r=.-43,p<.05) and positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (r=.45, p<.05). Conclusion Sedentary time was associated with low energy expenditure and higher adiposity whereas MVPA was associated with higher energy expenditure and lower adiposity. Higher adiposity (but not sedentary time, physical activity or low energy expenditure) was associated with Disinhibition and Binge Eating (appetite dysregulation)

Investigating the impact of sedentariness on appetite control: A multilevel platform linking energy intake and energy expenditure.

We have investigated appetite control within an energy balance framework and examined the impact of variations in physical activity on the appetite response for a number of years. These studies (and other research) have demonstrated reciprocal relationships between energy intake and energy expenditure as Edholm (1955) predicted more than 50years ago. Changing the level of physical activity influences the control of appetite, and adjusting food consumption influences activity energy expenditure. These investigations have been extended to examine the impact of sedentariness on appetite control recognising that under conditions of low energy expenditure the homeostatic control of food intake is weakened. These studies are incorporated within DAPHNE (data-as-a-service-platform-for-healthy-lifestyle-and-preventive-medicine) an EU framework 7 project under the ICT programme. This project is designed to establish quantitative relationships between sedentary behaviours and markers of poor health. These data will be generated using advanced sensors and the information will be made available through cloud-computing technology to permit the development of healthcare programmes based on behaviour change. The body of experimental work will use the Leeds multi-level platform which monitors daily profiles of sedentary and active behaviour, with the measurement of body composition, satiety physiology (gut peptides) and homeostatic and hedonic processes of appetite control. This ongoing programme of research (together with the EU Framework 7 SATIN project) provides opportunities for industry and academia to examine the impact of foods on appetite control under varying levels of sedentariness and activity. Using Sensewear Armband (Bodymedia) and tri-axial accelerometers (ActigraphGT3X) we will examine how large variations in daily activity (sitting to very vigorous) are related to the homeostatic control of satiety

Structured, aerobic exercise reduces fat mass and is partially compensated through energy intake but not energy expenditure in women

Background Exercise-induced weight loss is often less than expected and highly variable in men and women. Behavioural compensation for the exercise-induced energy deficit could be through energy intake (EI), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) or sedentary behaviour (SB). We investigated this issue in women. Methods Twenty-four overweight [body mass index (BMI) M = 27.9 kg/m2, SD = 2.7] women [age M = 33.1 years, SD = 11.7] completed 12-weeks of supervised exercise (5×500kcal per week) in a non-randomised pre-post intervention study. Body mass (BM), waist circumference (WC), body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), total daily EI, individual meals, appetite sensations and appetite-related peptides were measured at baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 12). Free-living physical activity (PA) and SB were measured (SenseWear) at baseline, week 1 and 10 of the exercise intervention, and at post-intervention (week 13). Results Following the 12-week exercise intervention BM [p = .04], BMI [p = .035], WC [p  .05]. There was no compensatory reduction in NEPA [p > .05] and no increase in SB, rather there was a decrease in SB during the exercise intervention [p = .03]. Conclusions Twelve-weeks of supervised aerobic exercise resulted in a significant reduction in FM and an increase in FFM. Exercise increased hunger and EI which only partially compensated for the increase in energy expenditure. There was no evidence for a compensatory reduction in NEPA or an increase in SB. Dietary intervention, as an adjunct to exercise, may offset the compensatory increase in EI and result in a greater reduction in BM

Mechanisms responsible for homeostatic appetite control: theoretical advances and practical implications

Introduction: Homeostatic appetite control is part of a psychobiological system that has evolved to maintain an adequate supply of nutrients for growth and maintenance. The system links the physiological needs for energy with the behaviour that satisfies these needs (feeding), and is shaped by excitatory and inhibitory signals. Owing to rapid shifts in the food environment, homeostatic appetite control is not well adapted for modern-day human functioning. Areas covered: Homeostatic appetite control has two divisions. Tonic processes exert stable and enduring influences, with signals arising from bodily tissues and metabolism. Episodic processes fluctuate rapidly and are related to nutrient ingestion and the composition of foods consumed. Research in these areas incorporates potent endocrine signals that can influence behaviour. Expert commentary: The regulation of adipose tissue, and its impact on appetite (energy) homeostasis, has been heavily researched. More recently however, it has been demonstrated that fat-free mass has the potential to act as a tonic driver of food intake. A challenging issue is to determine how the post-prandial action of episodic satiety hormones and gastrointestinal mechanisms can effectively brake the metabolic drive to eat, in order to keep food intake under control and prevent a positive energy balance and fat accumulation

A novel procedure for integrating three objectively measured dimensions of free-living sedentary time

Introduction The widely accepted definition of sedentary behaviour (SB) refers to any waking behaviour characterized by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) while in a sitting or reclining posture. At present, there is no single field-based device which accurately measures sleep, activity intensity and posture. The aim of this study was to develop a novel integrative procedure to combine sleep, activity intensity and posture information from two validated activity monitors to quantify free-living sedentary time. Methods Sixty-three female participants aged 37.1 (±13.6) years with a BMI of 29.6 (±4.7) kg/m2 were continuously monitored for 5-7days to track free-living SB with the SenseWear Armband (for sleep and activity intensity) and the activPAL (for posture). A set of data merging operations controlled via a simple graphical user interface were developed. After accounting for sleep time, differences in sedentary time according to sitting/reclining (SEDAP), activity intensity ≤1.5 METs (SEDSWA) and the integration of these dimensions (SEDINT) were compared. Results The three SB measures were positively inter-correlated with the weakest relationship between SEDSWA and SEDAP, followed by SEDSWA and SEDINT, and the strongest relationship was between SEDAP and SEDINT. There was a significant difference between the three measures of sedentary time. Post-hoc tests revealed all three methods differed significantly from each other. SEDSWA resulted in the most sedentary time (11.74±1.60hours/day), followed by SEDAP (10.16±1.75hours/day), and SEDINT (9.10±1.67hours/day). Sedentary time accumulated on weekdays compared with weekend days did not differ for any of the measurement methods. More sedentary time was accumulated in the longest bout category (>40minutes) when measured with SEDSWA. Conclusion It is possible to combine information from two validated activity monitors to obtain a measure of free-living SB based on posture and activity intensity during waking hours. The positive correlation suggests that both activity intensity and posture are related aspects of the same phenomenon (sedentary behaviour). However, sedentary time according to posture and sedentary time according to activity intensity are conceptually different. The implications of this methodological distinction for understanding the impact of SB on markers of health and obesity are yet to be determined

A novel integrative procedure for identifying and integrating three-dimensions of objectively measured free-living sedentary behaviour

The widely accepted definition of sedentary behaviour [SB] refers to any waking behaviour characterized by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents [METs] while in a sitting or reclining posture. At present, there is no single field-based device which objectively measures sleep, posture and activity intensity simultaneously. The aim of this study was to develop a novel integrative procedure [INT] to combine information from two validated activity monitors on sleep, activity intensity and posture, the three key dimensions of SB

Is the presence of sedentary behaviour or the absence of physical activity responsible for fat mass and appetite dysregulation? Preliminary results from the DAPHNE project.

Introduction: The objective was to investigate whether measures of appetite dysregulation were associated with sedentary time, physical activity, energy expenditure or fat mass. Several studies indicate sedentary behaviour is associated with obesity but most use questionnaire-based self-report measures of sedentary time. The present study employed an innovative validated device for the objective measurement of sedentary and active behaviour. Methods: Thirty participants took part in this cross-sectional study. Measures of body composition, health markers, cardiovascular fitness and resting metabolic rate, and appetite dysregulation were taken as well as 7days measurement of free-living physical activity and sedentary behaviour with the SenseWear Armband. Active energy expenditure was calculated by subtracting measured resting metabolic rate from total measured energy expenditure from the Armband. Results: Sedentary behaviour was positively correlated with multiple indices of adiposity. These associations disappeared when controlling for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MVPA was negatively associated with fat mass. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were not associated with indices of appetite dysregulation. TFEQ Disinhibition and Binge Eating were positively associated with indices of adiposity but not with lean mass. Active energy expenditure was negatively associated with sedentary time and positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Conclusion: The results suggest that the lack of MVPA may be more important than total sedentary time for the accumulation of body fat. Higher adiposity (but not sedentary time, physical activity or low energy expenditure) was associated with Disinhibition and Binge Eating (appetite dysregulation)

Five-Dimensional Charged Rotating Black Holes

We consider charged rotating black holes in 5-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory. These black holes are asymptotically flat, they possess a regular horizon of spherical topology and two independent angular momenta associated with two distinct planes of rotation. We discuss their global and horizon properties, and derive a generalized Smarr formula. We construct these black holes numerically, focussing on black holes with a single angular momentum, and with two equal-magnitude angular momenta.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure

Effect of a medium-term exercise intervention on fat mass is partially compensated for by increased appetite, but not reduced non-exercise physical activity

Exercise-induced weight loss is often less that expected and highly variable between individuals. This implies some degree of compensation in response to the energy deficit generated by the exercise regime. Given that energy intake (EI) and non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) are major determinants of body weight, compensation in either of these could undermine the exercise-induced energy deficit and compromise weight loss. The aim of this study was to examine changes in body composition, appetite, NEPA and SB in response to a 12-week supervised and monitored aerobic exercise intervention in overweight and obese women. Twenty-four women aged 33.1 years (SD = 11.7) with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.9 kg/m2 (SD = 2.7) completed 12-weeks of supervised exercise (500 kcal, 5 times per week). Body weight, waist circumference (WC), body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), total daily energy intake (EI) and subjective appetite sensations were measured at baseline (weeks 0) and week 12. Free-living physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) were measure at baseline, week 1 and 10 of the exercise intervention, and at post-intervention. The study procedures and all study materials were reviewed and approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee Yorkshire & the Humber. There was a significant reduction in body mass (M = 0.83 kg, SD = 1.85), BMI (M = 0.30 kg/m2, SD = 0.66), WC (M = 3.62 cm, SD = 3.85), fat mass (FM; M = 1.50 kg, SD = 2.18) and a significant increase in fat-free-mass (FFM; M = 0.67 kg, SD = 0.98). There was an increase in total [P = .028], ad libitum [P = .030] and snack box EI [P = .048]. This was accompanied by am increase in hunger [P = .016] and a decrease in fullness [P = .040] throughout the day at the end of the exercise intervention compared with baseline. There was no evidence for a compensatory reduction in NEPA [P = .99] and there was a decrease in SB as a result of increased structured exercise [P = .03]. Twelve weeks of supervised aerobic exercise resulted in significant weight (FM) loss. There was a compensatory increase in EI in response to the exercise that was accompanied by an increase in hunger and a decrease in fullness throughout the day. There was no evidence for a compensatory reduction in NEPA and the structured exercise seemed to displace some SB