Potential Drug Development Candidates for Human Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases

There are few drugs - none ideal - for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal helminths (soil-transmitted nematodes) which, as chronic infections jeopardize children's growth, learning and ultimately individual, community and country development. Drugs for helminths are not attractive in human medicine, but are lucrative in animal health. Traditionally, investment in veterinary medicines has benefited humans for these diseases. With modern regulations an approved veterinary medicine can be tested in humans with little adaptation, reducing time and cost of development. We searched for products that could easily be transitioned into humans, having the necessary characteristics for use in communities exposed to these infections. A limited number of candidates met the main criteria for selection. We provide here a detailed analysis of two veterinary products, emodepside and monepantel, and nitazoxanide, which is approved for human use. In addition we include a less detailed analysis of all products examined, and the criteria on which the analysis was based. It is clear that the pipeline of easily obtainable human anthelminthics remains extremely limited, and further efforts are needed to find replacements for the inadequate number of products available today

Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

« Dépasser sans rattraper ». L’évolution de la consommation en RFA et RDA

Lorsqu’en 1962 Hans Magnus Enzensberger constatait que la majorité des citoyens de RFA vivait dans un « horizon infini de marchandises » devenu à leurs yeux le symbole de ce qui autorisait à « profiter de la vie », la direction de l’Etat et du parti de RDA dut reconnaître que ses rêves de « vie agréable » dans le socialisme n’étaient pas réalisés. Douze ans après sa création et contrairement à tous ses plans ambitieux, elle ne s’était jamais trouvée autant dans l’incapacité de rivaliser avec ..

Erziehung zu Voelkerfreundschaft und internationaler Solidaritaet in der DDR eine Bibliographie

UuStB Koeln(38)-960107774 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Allemagne 1945-1961

En 1945, l’Allemagne est en ruine. Après une « guerre totale », le pays est occupé par les quatre Alliés et doit retrouver sa place parmi les peuples civilisés. En 1949 la Guerre froide conduit à la division de l’Allemagne. En 1961, le Mur de Berlin devient réalité pour tout un peuple et le symbole de l’Europe divisé en deux blocs. Au coeur de ce conflit global s’accentue la rivalité entre la RFA à l’Ouest et la RDA à l’Est, deux pays qui, dans leur affrontement politique, social et culturel, ne cessent de se comparer l’un à l’autre et prétendent chacune incarner la nation dans son entier. Sans passer sous silence les points qui séparent les deux Allemagnes, cet ouvrage se propose de mettre l’accent sur deux entités certes structurellement antithétiques et politiquement rivales, mais qui restent à bien des égards tributaires l’une de l’autre. Premier à présenter en France cette approche intégrée de l’histoire allemande, ce livre expose les résultats de la recherche récente dans des domaines choisis, afin de faire découvrir aux lecteurs l’Allemagne des années 1950 dans sa diversité et ses contradictions. Cet ouvrage comprend une bibliographie choisie et une chronologie qui en font un manuel accessible à tous ceux qui s’intéressent à l’Allemagne