Transitions - Note 8

Note complète; Résumé ; Capsule: Les étudiants de première génération dans les cégeps: leurs parcours

CAmagazine : la prépondérance des styles de vie dans les représentations des corps professionnels

Ce mémoire analyse comment différentes corporations professionnelles prennent davantage en compte des aspects culturels et symboliques dans leurs discours et leurs pratiques. Cela peut offrir un style de vie aux individus. Plus spécifiquement, il sera question de voir comment les styles de vie prennent une place prépondérante dans la façon dont une profession peut se représenter. Ces nouvelles dimensions symboliques, ainsi que la centralité des styles de vie dans la vie des individus, sont liées au passage du régime d'accumulation fordiste au régime d'accumulation flexible. Notre analyse est basée sur la profession de comptable. Les jeunes professionnels éduqués de ce secteur sont davantage engagés dans styles de vie que d'autres groupes ou personnes. De plus, différents Ordres de comptables sont présentement en pénurie de membres. Ils peuvent donc interpeller des étudiants, par la proposition de différents styles de vie, qui sont spécifiques à cette profession. Notre analyse est basée sur la revue CAmagazine sur une période de 20 ans. Deux aspects de celle-ci sont retenus pour l'analyse, soit les tables des matières et la rubrique \ud « Personnalités ». D'abord, l'analyse des tables des matières va nous permettre de voir si les transformations de celles-ci, au niveau du contenu et de l'organisation, donnent écho aux transformations du passage du régime d'accumulation fordiste au régime d'accumulation flexible. Nous allons également vérifier si cette profession se représente davantage par des aspects culturels et symboliques, que techniques et rationnels. Ensuite l'analyse de la rubrique « Personnalités », va nous permettre de comprendre si les transformations des styles de vie, proposés par la rubrique, sont en lien avec l'évolution de ceux-ci au niveau théorique. Étant donné que la perspective utilisée dans ce mémoire est celle de l'économie politique de la culture et de l'école de la régulation, nous allons voir comment les transformations des styles de vie sont en lien avec des contextes d'économie politique particuliers. Nous pourrons constater, en fin d'analyse, que les tables des matières donnent effectivement écho aux transformations historiques que sous-tend la transition de la période fordiste à la période flexible. Nous verrons également que ce secteur a intégré de nouveaux aspects culturels dans ses pratiques et ses discours. La rubrique « Personnalités » nous a permis de constater que les styles de vie se détachent des identités strictement professionnelles pour être davantage réarticulés autour de passions dans la sphère de la consommation, d'idées, de valeurs, de perspectives communes sur le monde et de projets de vie. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Style de vie, Lifestyle, Régime d'accumulation fordiste, Régime d'accumulation flexible, Cultural economy

Older caregivers' depressive symptomatology over time:evidence from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

The prevalence of informal caregiving is increasing as populations across the world age. Caregiving has been found to be associated with poor mental health outcomes including depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study is to examine the mean trajectory of depressive symptomatology in older caregivers in a large European sample over an eight-year period, the effects of time-varying and time-invariant covariates on this trajectory, and the mean trajectory of depressive symptomatology according to pattern of caregiving. The results suggest that depressive symptoms in the full sample of caregivers follow a nonlinear trajectory characterized by an initial decrease which decelerates over time. Caregiver status and depressive symptoms were significantly associated such that depressive symptoms increased as a function of caregiver status. The trajectory in caregivers who report intermittent or consecutive occasions of caregiving remained stable over time. Significant associations were found between sociodemographic, health and caregiving characteristics and the initial levels and rates of change of these trajectories. While these results point to the resilience of caregivers, they also highlight the factors that are related to caregivers' adaptation over time. This can help in identifying individuals who may require greater supports and, in turn, ensuring that caregivers preserve their well-being.</p

The long arm of childhood intelligence on terminal decline:Evidence from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921

The current study investigates the heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories at the end of life by assigning individuals into groups according to their cognitive trajectories prior to death. It also examines the role of childhood intelligence and education on these trajectories and group membership. Participants were drawn from the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921 (LBC1921), a longitudinal study of individuals with a mean age of 79 years at study entry, and observed up to a maximum of five times to their early 90s. Growth mixture modelling was employed to identify groups of individuals with similar trajectories of global cognitive function measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in relation to time to death, accounting for childhood intelligence, education, the time to death from study entry, and health conditions (hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease). Two distinct groups of individuals (classes) were identified: a smaller class (18% of the sample) of individuals whose MMSE scores dropped linearly with about 0.5 MMSE points per year closer to death, and a larger group (82% of the sample) with stable MMSE across the study period. Only childhood intelligence was found to be associated with an increased probability of belonging to the stable class of cognitive functioning prior to death (odds ratio=1.08, standard error=0.02, p≤.001). These findings support a protective role of childhood intelligence, a marker of cognitive reserve, against the loss of cognitive function prior to death. Our results also suggest that terminal decline is not necessarily a normative process

Dust and Gas in the Magellanic Clouds from the HERITAGE Herschel Key Project. II. Gas-to-Dust Ratio Variations across ISM Phases

The spatial variations of the gas-to-dust ratio (GDR) provide constraints on the chemical evolution and lifecycle of dust in galaxies. We examine the relation between dust and gas at 10-50 pc resolution in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) based on Herschel far-infrared (FIR), H I 21 cm, CO, and Halpha observations. In the diffuse atomic ISM, we derive the gas-to-dust ratio as the slope of the dust-gas relation and find gas-to-dust ratios of 380+250-130 in the LMC, and 1200+1600-420 in the SMC, not including helium. The atomic-to-molecular transition is located at dust surface densities of 0.05 Mo pc-2 in the LMC and 0.03 Mo pc-2 in the SMC, corresponding to AV ~ 0.4 and 0.2, respectively. We investigate the range of CO-to-H2 conversion factor to best account for all the molecular gas in the beam of the observations, and find upper limits on XCO to be 6x1020 cm-2 K-1 km-1 s in the LMC (Z=0.5Zo) at 15 pc resolution, and 4x 1021 cm-2 K-1 km-1 s in the SMC (Z=0.2Zo) at 45 pc resolution. In the LMC, the slope of the dust-gas relation in the dense ISM is lower than in the diffuse ISM by a factor ~2, even after accounting for the effects of CO-dark H2 in the translucent envelopes of molecular clouds. Coagulation of dust grains and the subsequent dust emissivity increase in molecular clouds, and/or accretion of gas-phase metals onto dust grains, and the subsequent dust abundance (dust-to-gas ratio) increase in molecular clouds could explain the observations. In the SMC, variations in the dust-gas slope caused by coagulation or accretion are degenerate with the effects of CO-dark H2. Within the expected 5--20 times Galactic XCO range, the dust-gas slope can be either constant or decrease by a factor of several across ISM phases. Further modeling and observations are required to break the degeneracy between dust grain coagulation, accretion, and CO-dark H2

Associations between aging-related changes in grip strength and cognitive function in older adults:A systematic review

Objectives: Grip strength and cognitive function reflect upper body muscle strength and mental capacities. Cross-sectional research has suggested that in old age these two processes are moderately to highly associated, and that an underlying common cause drives this association. Our aim was to synthesize and evaluate longitudinal research addressing whether changes in grip strength are associated with changes in cognitive function in healthy older adults.Methods: We systematically reviewed English-language research investigating the longitudinal association between repeated measures of grip strength and of cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults to evaluate the extent to which the two indices decline concurrently. We used four search engines: Embase, PsychINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science.Results: Of 459 unique citations, 6 met our full criteria: 4 studies reported a longitudinal association between rates of change in grip strength and cognitive function in older adults, 2 of which reported the magnitudes of these associations as ranging from low to moderate; 2 studies reported significant cross-sectional but not longitudinal associations among rates of change. All studies concluded that cognitive function and grip strength declined, on average, with increasing age, although with little to no evidence for longitudinal associations among rates of change.Conclusions: Future research is urged to expand the study of physical and cognitive associations in old age using a within-person and multi-study integrative approach to evaluate the reliability of longitudinal results with greater emphasis on the magnitude of this association.</p

Longitudinal quantiles of frailty trajectories considering death:new insights into sex and cohort differences in the reference curves for frailty progression of older European

BACKGROUND: Most previous studies of frailty trajectories in older adults focus on the average trajectory and ignore death. Longitudinal quantile analysis of frailty trajectories permits the definition of reference curves, and the application of mortal cohort inference provides more realistic estimates than models that ignore death.METHODS: Using data from individuals aged 65 or older (n=25446) from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from 2004 to 2020, we derived repeated values of the Frailty Index (FI) based on the accumulation of health deficits. We applied weighted Generalized Estimating Equations to estimate the quantiles of the FI trajectory, adjusting for sample attrition due to death, sex, education, and cohort.RESULTS: The FI quantiles increased with age and progressed faster for those with the highest level of frailty (βa0.9=0.0229, p&lt;0.001; βa0.5=0.0067, p&lt;0.001; H0: βa0.5=βa0.9, p&lt;0.001). Education was consistently associated with a slower progression of the FI in all quantiles (βae0.1=-0.0001, p&lt;0.001; βae0.5=-0.0004, p&lt;0.001; βae0.9=-0.0003, p&lt;0.001) but sex differences varied across the quantiles. Women with the highest level of frailty showed a slower progression of the FI than men when considering death. Finally, no cohort effects were observed for the FI progression.CONCLUSIONS: Quantile FI trajectories varied by age, sex, education, and cohort. These differences could inform the practice of interventions aimed at older adults with the highest level of frailty.</p

Assessments of the Extent to which Health‐Care Providers Involve Patients in Decision Making: A Systematic Review of Studies Using the OPTION Instrument

Background: We have no clear overview of the extent to which health-care providers involve patients in the decision-making process during consultations. The Observing Patient Involvement in Decision Making instrument (OPTION) was designed to assess this. Objective: To systematically review studies that used the OPTION instrument to observe the extent to which health-care providers involve patients in decision making across a range of clinical contexts, including different health professions and lengths of consultation. We conducted online literature searches in multiple databases (2001-12) and gathered further data through networking

Importance of modelling decisions on estimating trajectories of depressive symptoms and co-morbid conditions in older adults: Longitudinal studies from ten European countries

BackgroundInternational comparisons of trajectories of depressive symptoms in older adults are scarce and longitudinal associations with co-morbid conditions not fully understood.ObjectiveTo compare trajectories of depressive symptoms from participants living in 10 European Countries and identify ages at which the associations of co-morbid conditions with these trajectories become more relevant.MethodsLatent growth curve models were fitted to depressive symptoms scores from participants of the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) initiative (combined n = 21,253) and co-morbid conditions modelled as time varying covariates. To identify the ages at which the association between co-morbid conditions and depressive symptoms was significant the Johnson-Neyman (JN) technique was used.ResultsThe shape of depressive symptoms trajectories varied between countries, and was highly dependent on modelling decisions. The association between the average number of co-morbidities reported over time and depressive symptoms was consistent and positive across countries and ages.ConclusionInternational differences in ageing-related trajectories of depressive symptoms emerged. The longitudinal association of co-morbid conditions with trajectories of depressive symptoms was found, but the results overall suggest that modelling decisions could greatly influence the outcomes, and should thus be interpreted with caution