Reliability of BMI as an index for fattiness and obesity in active population in comparison to Endomorphy component as an index

Aim: The aim of the present study was to find out whether BMI is a reliable index for fattiness and obesity compare to endomorphy component as index. Methods: 439 males and 475 females from different countries across the world were measured over an extended period of years to 2020 for . Stretched stature, Body weight, Skinfold Thicknesses (Biceps, Triceps, Supraspinale and Calf), Girths (Arm Flexed and Tensed and Calf) and Bi-epicondylar breadth ( Humerus  and Femur). Results: Very low correlation (r = 0.18) was observed between BMI and fat % whereas high correlation ( r = 0.61, p< .05) was observed between BMI and Fat Free Mass ( FFM). correlation coefficient ( r) between BMI and Mesomorphy component was 0.79 ( p<.05). Correlation coefficient ( r) between Endomorphy and fat % was 0.86(p<.05). Conclusion: Thus from the above study, it can be concluded that, for individuals, BMI is more associated with muscularity than it is with fatness.Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue averiguar si el IMC es un índice confiable de gordura y obesidad en comparación con el componente de endomorfia como índice. Métodos: se midieron 439 hombres y 475 mujeres de diferentes países de todo el mundo durante un período prolongado de años hasta 2020 para. Estatura estirada, peso corporal, grosor de los pliegues cutáneos (bíceps, tríceps, supraespinal y pantorrilla), circunferencia (brazo flexionado y tenso y pantorrilla) y amplitud bi-epicondilar (húmero y fémur). Resultados: Se observó una correlación muy baja (r = 0.18) entre el IMC y el% de grasa, mientras que se observó una alta correlación (r = 0.61, p <.05) entre el IMC y la Masa libre de grasa (FFM). El coeficiente de correlación (r) entre el IMC y el componente Mesomorfia fue de 0,79 (p <0,05). El coeficiente de correlación (r) entre la endomorfia y el% de grasa fue de 0,86 (p <0,05). Conclusión: Por lo tanto, del estudio anterior, se puede concluir que, para los individuos, el IMC está más asociado con la musculatura que con la gordura

Physical Characteristics and Somotatype of Myanmar National Hockey Players

Introduction: Performance in Field Hockey depends on different factors. Physical characteristics along with the Body shape and size of the players are one of them. The present study was aimed to find out the physical characteristics as well as Somatotypes of Myanmar National Field Hockey players. Methods:  Twenty national Field Hockey players were measured for their height, weight, and Somatotype during their visit to a neighbuor country for a friendship tour. Health-Carter method (1967) was followed to calculate the Somatotype components. Results: The average Age, Height, and Weight of the Myanmar Hockey players of the present study were 21.7 (±1.1) yr, 164.8 (±4.6) cm, and 56.5 (±5.1) kg respectively. An average Somatotype of 1.7(±0.5)-3.8(±0.9)-2.9(±0.8) was observed for the present study. Conclusions: Most of the players (55 % ) were with Ectomorphic mesomorph body type, whereas  30 % of players were with Mesomorphic ectomorph body type. Rest were with Balanced mesomorph, Endomorphic mesomorph, and Mesomorph ectomorph body type. Compared to other countries, Myanmar Hockey players were shorter than their international counterparts. Thus, the height of the players should be considered during the selection of players at an early stage of Talent identification for good performance in Field Hockey.Introducción: El rendimiento en hockey sobre césped depende de diferentes factores. Las características físicas junto con la forma y el tamaño del cuerpo de los jugadores son uno de ellos. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo descubrir las características físicas, así como los somatotipos de los jugadores nacionales de hockey sobre césped de Myanmar. Métodos: Se midió la altura, el peso y el somatotipo de veinte jugadores nacionales de hockey sobre césped durante su visita a un país vecino para una gira de amistad. Se siguió el método Health-Carter (1967) para calcular los componentes del somatotipo. Resultados: La edad, la altura y el peso promedio de los jugadores de hockey sobre césped de Myanmar del presente estudio fueron 21,7 (±1,1) años, 164,8 (±4,6) cm y 56,5 (±5,1) kg respectivamente. Se observó un somatotipo promedio de 1,7 (±0,5) - 3,8 (±0,9) - 2,9 (±0,8) para el presente estudio. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los jugadores (55 %) tenían un tipo de cuerpo mesomorfo ectomorfo, mientras que el 30 % de los jugadores tenían un tipo de cuerpo mesomorfo ectomorfo. El resto tenían un tipo de cuerpo mesomorfo equilibrado, mesomorfo endomórfico y mesomorfo ectomorfo. En comparación con otros países, los jugadores de hockey de Myanmar eran más bajos que sus homólogos internacionales. Por lo tanto, la altura de los jugadores debe tenerse en cuenta durante la selección de jugadores en una etapa temprana de la identificación de talentos para un buen rendimiento en hockey sobre césped

Somatotype and Anthropometric characteristics of Indian Female Rowers

Introduction: Eighteen national-level Indian Female Rowers were studied for their somatotype and anthropometric characteristics as performance in Rowing as performance level in rowing depends on physical and anthropometrical characteristics besides other factors including skill. Material and Methods: Height and weight were measured according to the methods standardized by The International Society for The Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Somatotype was calculated using Heath-Carter (1967) method. Results: Average height and weight of the Indian national-level Female Rowers were 167.8 ±4.1 (160.7-174.0) cm and 59.5±6.5 (47.7-69.3) kg respectively. The average Somatotype of the Indian National level female Rowers was 5.4 (±1.0)-3.2(±0.8)-1.6(±0.9) with a range between 3.8-1.8-1.6 and 6.9-4.6-4.9. Conclusion: Average Mesomorphic Endomorh body type with less muscularity on average was observed for the Indian national Female Rowers. Poor muscularity and less height might be one reason besides other factors a reason for poor performance of Indian Female Rowers in Olympic and other International competitions.Introducción: se estudiaron dieciocho remeras indias de nivel nacional por su somatotipo y características antropométricas, ya que el rendimiento en el remo depende de las características físicas y antropométricas además de otros factores, incluida la habilidad. Material y Métodos: La altura y el peso se midieron de acuerdo con los métodos estandarizados por The International Society for The Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). El somatotipo se calculó utilizando el método de Heath-Carter (1967). Resultados: La altura y el peso promedio de las remeras de nivel nacional indio fueron 167,8 ± 4,1 (160,7-174,0) cm y 59,5 ± 6,5 (47,7-69,3) kg, respectivamente. El somatotipo medio de las remeras de nivel nacional indio fue 5,4 (±1,0)-3,2(±0,8)-1,6(±0,9) con un rango entre 3,8-1,8-1,6 y 6,9-4,6-4,9. Conclusión: Se observó un tipo de cuerpo medio endomorfico mesomórfico con menos musculatura en las remeras nacionales indias. La falta de musculatura y la menor altura pueden ser una de las razones, además de otros factores, del bajo rendimiento de las remeras indias en las competiciones olímpicas y otras competiciones internacionales

Somatotype Characteristics of Indian National Canoeists and Kayakers

Introduction: Performance in Canoeing and Kayaking depends upon different factors and Somatotype is one of the most important factors of these. The present study aimed to find out the somatotype of Indian national level Canoeists and Kayakers who participated in International and National level competitions. Methods: 27 national level Canoeists and Kayakers were studied for their Somatotype. All subjects were selected from different water sports training centers across the country.  Out of 27 athletes, 11 were male athletes (seven Canoeists and four Kayakers) and 16 were female athletes (6 Canoeists and 10 Kayakers). Heath-Carter method (1967) was followed for Somatotyping. Results: Average somatotype of 3.4(±0.9)-5.0(±0.8)-3.4(±2.1) was observed for the male Canoeists and Kayakers whereas that of females was 5.9(±1.6)-4.7(±1.1)-2.0(±1.1). Thus, the male Indian National Canoeists and Kayakers were with Balanced mesomorph somatotype on average whereas the female counterparts were Mesomorphic endomorph. The average muscularity of both male and female Canoeists and Kayakers was moderate.  Conclusions: Ectomorphic mesomorph somatotype is the ideal body type for a sportsman in Water sports. Besides Somatotype characteristics, the muscularity of an athlete represents muscular strength which is an important factor for good performance in water sports and generates the required energy for paddling. Moderate muscularity of both male and female Indian Canoeists and Kayakers could hinder good performance in international arenas like the Olympics and Commonwealth Games. Thus Indian Canoeists and Kayakers should improve their muscularity with proper training and nutrition.Introducción: El rendimiento en Canotaje y Kayak depende de diferentes factores y el Somatotipo es uno de los factores más importantes de estos. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo averiguar el somatotipo de los piragüistas y kayakistas de nivel nacional indio que participaron en competiciones de nivel nacional e internacional. Métodos: Se estudió el Somatotipo de 27 Canoistas y Kayakistas de nivel nacional. Todos los sujetos fueron seleccionados de diferentes centros de formación de deportes acuáticos de todo el país. De 27 atletas, 11 eran atletas masculinos (siete piragüistas y cuatro kayakistas) y 16 eran atletas femeninas (6 canoistas y 10 kayakistas). Se siguió el método de Heath-Carter (1967) para el Somatotipado. Resultados: Se observó un somatotipo promedio de 3,4(±0,9)-5,0(±0,8)-3,4(±2,1) para los piragüistas y kayakistas masculinos mientras que para las mujeres fue 5,9(±1,6)-4,7(±1,1)-2,0(± 1.1). Por lo tanto, los canoistas y kayakistas nacionales indios masculinos tenían en promedio un somatotipo mesomorfo equilibrado, mientras que las contrapartes femeninas eran endomorfas mesomórficas. La musculatura media de los piragüistas y kayakistas masculinos y femeninos fue moderada. Conclusiones: El somatotipo mesomorfo ectomorfo es el tipo de cuerpo ideal para un deportista de deportes acuáticos. Además de las características del somatotipo, la musculatura de un atleta representa la fuerza muscular que es un factor importante para el buen desempeño en los deportes acuáticos y genera la energía necesaria para remar. La musculatura moderada de los canoistas y kayakistas indios, tanto masculinos como femeninos, podría obstaculizar el buen desempeño en escenarios internacionales como los Juegos Olímpicos y los Juegos de la Commonwealth. Por lo tanto, los piragüistas y kayakistas indios deberían mejorar su musculatura con un entrenamiento y una nutrición adecuados

Peer Influence on payout policies

Using a large sample of US public companies, we find robust evidence that firms’ payout policies, i.e., dividends and share repurchases, are significantly influenced by the policies of their industry peers. To overcome endogeneity problems, we employ instrumental variable techniques based on peers’ stock price shocks. Peer influence on payouts is more pronounced among firms that face greater product market competition and operate in better information environments. With regards to dividends, firms, especially smaller and younger firms, are more sensitive to industry peers that are similar to them in size and age. However, mimicking repurchases is concentrated among large and mature firms only. Peer influence on dividends, compared to repurchases, seems more stable across firm and industry conditions. Overall, peer influence on dividends, and, to a less extent, on repurchases, is consistent with a rivalry-based theory of imitation, which posits that firms imitate peers’ actions to maintain their competitive parity

Prevalence of Obesity among Immigrants Living in Canada

Abstract Canadian who were living in Toronto for the past fifteen years after migrating from their own countries and maintaining their own traditional food habits, were studied for their adiposity and body composition. Body composition was analyzed by bio-impedance method using bioelectrical body composition analyzer and BMI was calculated by standard method. Average age, height, weight, fat % and BMI for the males were 34.2 yr (± 12.3), 175.8 cm (± 8.2), 85.5 kg (± 17.5), 23.6 % (± 7.4) and 27.6 kg.m 2 (± 5.2) respectively whereas those for their female counterparts were 30.9 yr (± 11.3), 163.7 cm (± 6.5), 71.1 kg (± 17.1), 31.8 % (± 8.2) and 26.5 kg.m -2 (± 5.9) respectively. A wide range of Fat % were observed in both male and female Canadians which were 7.3% -50.0% for male and 8.5 %-52.6% for female. Similar wide ranges were also observed in BMI where males had a range of 14.6 kg. . In males, 66.12 % were in overweight category, out of which 38.74% were in pre-obese and 27.38% were in obese group. Similarly, in females, 52.72% were in overweight category, out of which 30.96% were in pre-obese category and 21.75% were in obese category. High adiposity was also observed both in males and females. The reason might be due to their life style and food habit

Anthropometric Characteristics and Somatotype of Dragon Boat Paddlers

Introduction: Dragon Boating is a paddle-driven water sport that originated in China over 2000 years ago. Dragon Boat racing was a part of Chinese traditional culture .Dragon Boat racing has become a popular folk sport across the world. Methods: 29 Female and 36 male paddlers of the Indian National Dragon Boat team who participated in the 16th IDBF World Dragon Boat Racing Championship 2023 at Pattaya, Thailand were measured for their physical characteristics and body composition before their participation at a national training camp at Kolkata, India. Heath-Carter method(1967) was followed for Somatotyping.  Durnin and Womersley (1974) equation was used to calculate body composition and Siri (1956) equation was followed for calculation of Fat %. Results: Average age, height, weight , Fat % and Somatotype of male Dragon Boat paddlers were 26.6(±6.9), 170.1(±5.2), 68.1(±9.1),16.9 %, and  3.4(±1.4)-5.0(±0.9)-2.1(±1.0) respectively whereas those of Female Dragon Boat paddlers were 21.9(±4.5) , 162.0(±6.5), 58.9(±12.8), 29.7(±4.9), and 5.6(±1.5)-3.5(±1.2)-2.4(±1.4) respectively. Conclusion: Indian National Female Dragon Boat Racing paddlers were Endomorphic with low muscularity in average whereas the Male National Dragon Boat Racing paddlers were Mesomorphic with more adiposity in average.Introducción: Dragon Boating es un deporte acuático con remo que se originó en China hace más de 2000 años. Las carreras de Dragon Boat eran parte de la cultura tradicional china. Las carreras de Dragon Boat se han convertido en un deporte popular popular en todo el mund. Métodos: Se midieron las características físicas y la composición corporal de 29 remeros femeninos y 36 masculinos del equipo nacional indio Dragon Boat que participaron en el 16.º Campeonato Mundial de Dragon Boat Racing IDBF 2023 en Pattaya, Tailandia, antes de su participación en un campo de entrenamiento nacional en Calcuta. , India. Para la somatotipificación se siguió el método de Heath-Carter (1967). Se utilizó la ecuación de Durnin y Womersley (1974) para calcular la composición corporal y la ecuación de Siri  (1956) para calcular el porcentaje de grasa. Resultados: La edad promedio, la altura, el peso, el % de grasa y el somatotipo de los palistas masculinos de Dragon Boat fueron 26,6 (± 6,9), 170,1 (± 5,2), 68,1 (± 9,1), 16,9 %, y 3,4 (± 1,4) -5,0 (± 0,9)-2,1(±1,0) respectivamente, mientras que los de las remeras femeninas de Dragon Boat fueron 21,9(±4,5), 162,0(±6,5), 58,9(±12,8), 29,7(±4,9) y 5,6(±1,5)-3,5( ±1,2)-2,4(±1,4) respectivamente. Conclusión: Los palistas femeninos del Indian National Dragon Boat Racing eran endomórficos con baja musculatura en promedio, mientras que los palistas masculinos del Dragon Boat Racing eran mesomorfos con más adiposidad en promedio

Do Women Managers Keep Firms out of Trouble? Evidence from Corporate Litigation and Policies

We find that firms where women have more power in the top management team, measured by female executives’ plurality and pay slice, face fewer operations-related lawsuits. This effect is robust to several treatments of endogeneity and does not appear to be driven by female executives\u27 greater willingness to settle the cases. Evidence from a simultaneous equations approach suggests that firms where women executives have more power avoid lawsuits partly by avoiding some risky but value-increasing firm policies, such as more aggressive R&D, intensive advertising, and policies inimical to other parties

Effect of physical training on gender difference in trained personal

Many controlled studies and neurological studies demonstrate that men and women are physically and mentally different. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is any gender difference in respiratory capacity between trained athletes of both gender. This study was conducted at Kolkata (Serampore area), West Bengal, India. The subject was trained table tennis players of age group was 14 – 17 years. Significant differences have been found in height (cm), W/H ratio and PIF (l/s)  between male and female lawn tennis players and all these values are significantly higher (P<0.05) in male than female players. Greater mean height in trained male than female tennis player of same age range is advantageous for male. This might be due to their own growth pattern under the influences of different specific hormones which is not considered in this study. Higher centrally located fats in trained male than female tennis player in this age range might be due to less affectivity of physical training in male. Higher central fat distribution may hinder different lung capacities by influencing abdominal cavity. Higher peak inspiratory flow in trained male than female tennis player indicates inspiratory muscles are more powerful in male player of this age range.  So, it can be concluded from this study that gender differences in lung capacities can be minimized by proper training load in female trained player at least in 14-17 years age range. This study also claimed that stature is not only the decisive factor for differences in lung capacities in male and female trained tennis player of 14-17 years age range. Body composition, central fat distribution, active inspiratory muscles and proper physical training have definite role in improving lung capacities of trained male and female tennis player

COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS BETWEEN SANTAL TRIBAL WOMEN AND BENGALI WOMEN OF PURBA MEDINIPUR, WEST BENGAL

The study was aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of rural tribal women and to compare them with that of urban non-tribal women. Tribal Santal women were selected from the villages of Ramnagar Block II of Purba Medinipur district and Bengali housewives were selected as non-tribal women from Contai urban areas. The average height for the Santal women was 151.8 ±2.2 cm whereas that of the Bengali women was 155.8 ±3.4 cm. The average body weight for the Santal women was 47.6 ±4.6 kg whereas that of Bengali women was 54.8 ±4.2 kg. The Santal had low socioeconomic status and they were belonged to lower and upper lower category according to the Kupaswami scale. Most of selected Bengali women were belonging to upper and upper middle socioeconomic status. The Santal women consumed significantly lesser amount (p<0.05) of Protein and fat than that of their Bengali counterpart. The energy and carbohydrate intake was also lower in Santal women than that of Bengali women but the difference was not significant. It was observed that about 70% of the total Santal women had normal nourishment while 30 % of them were malnourished. On the other hand all Bengali women were belonging to normal nourishment category. Thus, malnourished status of santal women was due to low socioeconomic status compare to Bengali women