EFFECT OF BED DISINFECTANTS AND SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF SILKWORM DISEASES IN STONE AND RCC REARING HOUSES

Silkworm diseases are the major problem in Sericulture, prevention of these diseases is one of the most important aspects in the success of commercial silkworm rearing. In order to obtain, high and stable cocoon yield it is necessary to decrease the pathogen load in the rearing environment. The most commonly used bed disinfectants by the farmers are viz., Active lime(4 kg), Vijetha(2-3 kg) and Ankush (3.5-4 kg). The variation was noticed with type of silkworm rearing house and cocoon yield. Further, in the medium stone house category (6 farmers) (40×20-50×30 ft) 5 to 15 per cent disease incidence was noticed during summer (5-15 and 5 -20 %) compared to rainy (10 % and 1%) in stone house and RCC house respectively. Furthercocoon yield of 85 and 95 kg/100 dfls was reportedwhen the famers applied 2kg Lime and 3 kg Vijetha respectively. The mean data from 4 farmers of medium RCC rearing house revealed that, a range of 0-1 %, 0-10 % and 5-20% disease incidence was recorded in rainy, winter and summer seasons respectively. On contrary cocoon yield of 95kg/100dfl was recorded in case sample number 4 eventhough the farmer did not applied any bed disinfectants

PER ORAL INOCULATION OF BACILLUS SPECIES (SURFACE AND MIDGUT FLORA) ON LARVAL WEIGHT OF PM AND CSR2

The larval weight of third and fourth instar of PM and CSR2 revealed, significantly mean larval weight of 5.65 and 10.77 g/10 was noticed due to Per oral inoculation of Bacillus species in the beginning of the healthy lots of third instar on contrary, the same instar with surface Bacillus infection recorded 4.27 and 9.84 g/10 larval weight at the beginning. However, the trend was same even in fourth instar inoculated batches 2.46 and 6.94 g/10, 13.83, 6.94 and 1.92 ,5.43 and 10.26 6.34 g/10 in PM and CSR2 larval weight. Further the mean larval weight of 5.68 and 10.52 g/10 was noticed in the beginning of the healthy lots of third instar on contrary, the same instar with midgut flora recorded 4.26 and 9.74 g/10 larval weights at the beginning. The mean weight of 1.58 to 1.18 and 1.26, to1.05 was recorded for third instar inoculated batch which was found to be lower than fourth and fifth instar lots in both PM and CSR2 breeds of respectively. It is concluded that, per oral infection of surface and midgut flora of Bacillus resulted decreased larval weight both in beginning and end of the fourth instar inoculated batch

Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Microwave Assisted Chemical Method

ABSTRACT Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles of three different sizes were prepared by using microwave assisted chemical method. Zinc acetate dihydrate, sodium hydroxide and deionized water were used as precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles indicate polycrystalline nature. The preferential orientation and crystallite size depends on microwave power. Scanning electron micrograph results indicates the formation of nanoparticles. The antibacterial study of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles was carried out by disk diffusion method. It was found that antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle depends on size and concentration

PER ORAL INOCULATION OF LYSINIBACILLUS SPHAERICUS WITH PATHOGENIC MIBROBES ON REARING AND COCOON PARAMETERS OF SILKWORM, Bombyx mori L.

Mixed infections are complex interactions between pathogens and silkworm which cause diseases and reduces cocoon crop loss. The per oral inoculation of pathogenic bacterium Lysinibacillus sphaericus along with viz., A. faecalis (A), B. subtilis (B) and NPV (N) to third instar PM×CSR 2 (50 silkworms/ replication) resulted minimum of 7.87 and 9.85 days for ET 50 symptom expression and mortality in treatment T 6 - L. sphaericus + A. faecalis +NPV. The remaining treatments T 5 triple inoculation (L+A+B) (9.89 and 12.36 days) and dual inoculation T 2 (L+A) (20.89 and 23.29 days ) ,T 3 (L+B) (10.10 and 12.48 days ) and T 4 (L+N) (10.18 and 11.18 days) recorded different days for symptom expression and mortality. Further, number of larvae entered to fourth instar was noticed minimum in T 6 -L. sphaericus + A. faecalis + NPV (30) and maximum in T 2 -L. sphaericus + A. faecalis (44). Further, the cocoon parameters viz., single cocoon weight (1.00 g), shell weight (0.08 g), shell ratio (8.00) and silk productivity (0.69 cg/ day) was noticed minimum in T6. The interaction effect of Lysinibacillus sphaericus with other pathogenic bacteria viz.,Bacillus subtilis, Alcaligenes faecalis and NPV had synergistic effect compared to Lysinibacillus sphaericus alone

Contact Stress Analysis of Helical Gear by Using AGMA and ANSYS

Gears are one of the most critical components in mechanical power transmission systems. The gears are generally used to transmit power and torque. The efficiency of power transmission is very high when compared to other kind of transmission. In the gear design the bending stress and surface strength of the gear tooth are considered to be one of the main contributors for failure of the gears in gear set. The analysis of stresses has become popular as an area of research on gears to minimize and reduce the failures. The present investigation is carried out to make use of helical gear, by analyzing the contact stresses  for different   Pressure angles (14.5˚,16˚,18˚,20˚) Helix angles (15˚,20˚,25˚,30˚)and(80mm,90mm,100mm,110mm,120mm) Facewidth. A Three-dimensional solid model is generated by Pro-E that which is powerful and modern solid modeling software .The numerical solution is done by Ansys, which is a finite element analysis package. The analytical approach is based on contact stress equation, to determine the contact stresses between two mating gears. The results obtained from Ansys values are compared with theoretical values are in close agreement. The present analysis is useful in quantifying the above said parameters that hel

Effectiveness of 0.125% Bupivacaine versus 0.125% Ropivacaine in Epidural Labour Analgesia- A Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: Epidurally administered local anaesthetics provide most effective analgesia during labour process. Among the available local anaesthetics, bupivacaine and ropivacaine are the most commonly used drugs in concentrations ranging from 0.0625% to 0.125% and 0.08% to 0.125%, respectively. Both these drugs are weak bases, highly protein-bound, highly lipid soluble, and have a pKa of 8.1, low unionised fraction, thus, having a slightly longer time for onset of action but with a longer duration of action and have less transfer across the placenta. Hence, they are ideal drugs for use in labour analgesia. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of programmed intermittent bolus of 0.125% bupivacaine vs 0.125% ropivacaine in low volumes in full term primigravidas for epidural labour analgesia. Materials and Methods: This randomised clinical study was conducetd at PES Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India, between June 2020 and December 2021 among 80 full-term primi parturients requiring normal vaginal delivery. They were randomly divided into two groups of 40 each. Group B received 10 mL of 0.125% bupivacaine and group R received 10 mL of 0.125% ropivacaine as initial bolus dose. Repeat doses of 5 mL was given every 60 minutes or when the patient had Visual Analogue Score (VAS) score >4 with a maximum dose of 10 mL/hr with a 20 minute interval between two doses. Parameters assessed were onset, duration, level and quality of analgesia, motor blockade, number of epidural top ups, total volume of drug consumed, mode of delivery, duration of labour, APGAR score, haemodynamics, patient satisfaction and complications. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel 2010 version and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: Both drugs were equally effective in terms of analgesia, maternal and foetal outcomes. Bupivacaine had a faster onset of action (7.075±0.916 min) compared to ropivacaine (8.225±0.891 min) (p-value=0.001). Ropivacaine had a shorter duration of action (43.1±2.30 min vs 47.9±4.16 min in group B) (p-value=0.0001), requiring more top-up doses (5.2±0.46 vs 4.77±0.61 in group B) (p-value=0.0007), and more total volume of drug (38.5±3.08 mL vs 35.5±4 mL in group B) (p-value=0.002). It also caused lesser motor blockade (Bromage score of 1 in 1 parturient vs 8 parturients in group B) (p-value=0.0129) and better overall maternal satisfaction score (excellent) in 30 parturients vs 25 parturients in group B. APGAR scores at 1 minute and 5 minutes were comparable between the two groups. Mean heart rates, mean blood pressures were also comparable between the two groups. There were no significant adverse effects in either groups. Conclusion: By providing minimal motor blockade and adequate analgesia 0.125% ropivacaine allows parturients to go through the labour process with excellent maternal satisfaction and minimal adverse effects compared to 0.125% bupivacaine

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC

Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Overweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 1990 to 2021 and forecast the future trajectories to 2050. Methods: Leveraging established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals aged 25 years and older by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2050. Retrospective and current prevalence trends were derived based on both self-reported and measured anthropometric data extracted from 1350 unique sources, which include survey microdata and reports, as well as published literature. Specific adjustment was applied to correct for self-report bias. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models were used to synthesise data, leveraging both spatial and temporal correlation in epidemiological trends, to optimise the comparability of results across time and geographies. To generate forecast estimates, we used forecasts of the Socio-demographic Index and temporal correlation patterns presented as annualised rate of change to inform future trajectories. We considered a reference scenario assuming the continuation of historical trends. Findings: Rates of overweight and obesity increased at the global and regional levels, and in all nations, between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, an estimated 1·00 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·989–1·01) adult males and 1·11 billion (1·10–1·12) adult females had overweight and obesity. China had the largest population of adults with overweight and obesity (402 million [397–407] individuals), followed by India (180 million [167–194]) and the USA (172 million [169–174]). The highest age-standardised prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in countries in Oceania and north Africa and the Middle East, with many of these countries reporting prevalence of more than 80% in adults. Compared with 1990, the global prevalence of obesity had increased by 155·1% (149·8–160·3) in males and 104·9% (95% UI 100·9–108·8) in females. The most rapid rise in obesity prevalence was observed in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region, where age-standardised prevalence rates in males more than tripled and in females more than doubled. Assuming the continuation of historical trends, by 2050, we forecast that the total number of adults living with overweight and obesity will reach 3·80 billion (95% UI 3·39–4·04), over half of the likely global adult population at that time. While China, India, and the USA will continue to constitute a large proportion of the global population with overweight and obesity, the number in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region is forecasted to increase by 254·8% (234·4–269·5). In Nigeria specifically, the number of adults with overweight and obesity is forecasted to rise to 141 million (121–162) by 2050, making it the country with the fourth-largest population with overweight and obesity. Interpretation: No country to date has successfully curbed the rising rates of adult overweight and obesity. Without immediate and effective intervention, overweight and obesity will continue to increase globally. Particularly in Asia and Africa, driven by growing populations, the number of individuals with overweight and obesity is forecast to rise substantially. These regions will face a considerable increase in obesity-related disease burden. Merely acknowledging obesity as a global health issue would be negligent on the part of global health and public health practitioners; more aggressive and targeted measures are required to address this crisis, as obesity is one of the foremost avertible risks to health now and in the future and poses an unparalleled threat of premature disease and death at local, national, and global levels. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation