HCIFR: Hierarchical Clustering and Iterative Filtering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

The hierarchical clustering and iterative filtering algorithms are combined to form an energy efficient routing algorithm which supports in improved performance, efficient routing at the time of link failure, collusion robust and secure data aggregation. The idea of combining these two algorithms which may lead to improved performance. Initially clusters are formed by neighborhood. The cluster is a combination of one clusterhead, two deputy clusterheads and cluster members. This system uses a Hierarchical clustering algorithm for efficient data transmission to their clusterhead by cluster members. The clusterhead aggregate the collected data and check for trustworthiness. The data is aggregated by clusterhead using the iterative filtering algorithm and resistant to collusion attacks. Simulation results depict the average energy consumption, throughput, packet drops and packet delivery under the influence of proposed algorithm

A Global Nearest-Neighbour Depth Estimation-based Automatic 2D-to-3D Image and Video Conversion

The proposed work is to present a new method based on the radically different approach of learning the 2D-to-3D conversion from examples. It is based on lobally estimating the entire depth map of a query image directly from a repository of 3D images (image depth pairs or stereo pairs) using a nearest-neighbour regression type idea

Regional Flood Frequency Analysis Using Computer Simulations

Different probability distribution methods were employed to determine the flood frequency analysis using computer simulations. Many probability distributions including Gumbel, lognormal, log-Pearson type iii, General Extreme value have been tried to fit the data. The length of record for most of the stations is over 10 years (chosen from 1956 0nwards). The data was procured from J.R.M.Hosking for various project sites. The common time period of 1956 onwards has been chosen only to avoid the effect of interception of basin due to construction of storage reservoir and was also subject of flood data. The best fitting distribution works out to be General Extreme Value Distribution. Gumbel's distribution ranks poorly among different probability distributions. A trial version of probability software is used to evaluate the best fit distribution and parameters of distribution

Wandering of a contact line at thermal equilibrium

We reconsider the problem of the solid-liquid-vapour contact-line on a disordered substrate, in the collective pinning regime. We go beyond scaling arguments and perform an analytic computation, through the replica variational method, of the fluctuations of the line. We show how gravity effects must be included for a proper quantitative comparison with available experimental data of the wetting of liquid helium on a caesium substrate. The theoretical result is in good agreement with experimental findings for this case.Comment: 24 laTex pages with 5 EPS figures included. submitted to Phys. Rev

Center to limb observations and modeling of the Ca I 4227 A line

The observed center-to-limb variation (CLV) of the scattering polarization in different lines of the Second Solar Spectrum can be used to constrain the height variation of various atmospheric parameters, in particular the magnetic fields via the Hanle effect. Here we attempt to model non-magnetic CLV observations of the $Q/I$ profiles of the Ca I 4227 A line recorded with the ZIMPOL-3 at IRSOL. For modeling, we use the polarized radiative transfer with partial frequency redistribution with a number of realistic 1-D model atmospheres. We find that all the standard FAL model atmospheres, used by us, fail to simultaneously fit the observed ($I$, $Q/I$) at all the limb distances ($\mu$). However, an attempt is made to find a single model which can provide a fit at least to the CLV of the observed $Q/I$ instead of a simultaneous fit to the ($I$, $Q/I$) at all $\mu$. To this end we construct a new 1-D model by combining two of the standard models after modifying their temperature structures in the appropriate height ranges. This new combined model closely reproduces the observed $Q/I$ at all the $\mu$, but fails to reproduce the observed rest intensity at different $\mu$. Hence we find that no single 1-D model atmosphere succeeds in providing a good representation of the real Sun. This failure of 1-D models does not however cause an impediment to the magnetic field diagnostic potential of the Ca I 4227 A line. To demonstrate this we deduce the field strength at various $\mu$ positions without invoking the use of radiative transfer.Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap

Design and Fabrication of Garlic Peeler

Garlic is an important and economical plant. It has many uses in medicinal, culinary and ayurvedic purposes. Garlic peeling is a tedious, time consuming and laborious work. So far, traditional peeling methods are used for garlic peeling. These methods are observed to be unhygienic, laborious and caused high damage to garlic segments. Mechanical peelers available are costly and not affordable to small scale industries. Since, the traditional methods are laborious and mechanical methods are costly there is a need to develop low cost, mechanical peeler that will reduce the drudgery. Angular iron and flat iron was used for main frame and supporting the main units. A food grade rubber and mild steel pipe was used for rubber roller. Iron bar was used for shaft. A wire mesh was used as screen. Dimensions of garlic segments were measured using digital vernier callipers and weight of each garlic segment was measured using electronic balance. Moisture content, orthogonal dimensions, weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, equivalent mean diameter, shape factor, terminal velocity and drag coefficient of garlic segments were found. Moisture content of garlic segments was 59.36±0.87% (w.b). At this moisture content, average length, width and thickness of garlic segments were found to be 25.818 3.743 mm, 10.116 2.209 mm and 7.34 1.638 mm, respectively. Average weight of individual garlic segments were found to be 1.159 g. Geometric mean diameter, sphericity, equivalent mean diameter and shape factor of garlic segments were found out to be 12.422 mm, 0.481, 13.03 mm and 0.218, respectively. The terminal velocity and drag coefficient were 18.941 m/s and 0.416 at moisture content of 59.08 ± 0.82% (w.b.). Cost of peeler was estimated to be about ₹ 10,005/-

Polarized line formation with J-state interference in the presence of magnetic fields: A heuristic treatment of collisional frequency redistribution

An expression for the partial frequency redistribution (PRD) matrix for line scattering in a two-term atom, which includes the J-state interference between its fine structure line components is derived. The influence of collisions (both elastic and inelastic) and an external magnetic field on the scattering process is taken into account. The lower term is assumed to be unpolarized and infinitely sharp. The linear Zeeman regime in which the Zeeman splitting is much smaller than the fine structure splitting is considered. The inelastic collision rates between the different levels are included in our treatment. We account for the depolarization caused by the collisions coupling the fine structure states of the upper term, but neglect the polarization transfer between the fine structure states. When the fine structure splitting goes to zero, we recover the redistribution matrix that represents the scattering on a two-level atom (which exhibits only m-state interference --- namely the Hanle effect). The way in which the multipolar index of the scattering atom enters into the expression for the redistribution matrix through the collisional branching ratios is discussed. The properties of the redistribution matrix are explored for a single scattering process for an L=0 to 1 to 0 scattering transition with S=1/2 (a hypothetical doublet centered at 5000 A and 5001 A). Further, a method for solving the Hanle radiative transfer equation for a two-term atom in the presence of collisions, PRD, and J-state interference is developed. The Stokes profiles emerging from an isothermal constant property medium are computed.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (JQSRT