Détermination de la couleur et de la valeur nutritionnelle de la viande d’aulacodes sauvages (Thryonomys swinderianus, Temminck, 1827)

L’aulacode est un rongeur sauvage, hystricomorphe, typiquement africain, dont la viande est très appréciée par les consommateurs de gibier. Cependant, les caractéristiques nutritionnelles et organoleptiques de ce gibier sont mal connues. Notre travail avait pour but de déterminer la qualité sensorielle et nutritionnelle de la viande d’aulacodes sauvages. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir des muscles du membre pelvien de dix (10) sujets adultes, dont cinq (5) mâles et cinq (5) femelles d’un poids moyen de 3,5 kg vif, issus des prises de chasse en Côte d’Ivoire. La couleur des muscles a été appréciée selon un jugement visuel, à l’aide d’une grille d’intensité de la couleur codifiée ; tandis que la valeur  nutritionnelle de la viande a été évaluée par analyses bromatologiques et biochimiques des muscles prélevés selon les techniques usuelles de  dissection des animaux de laboratoire. Nos résultats montrent que les viandes d’aulacodes femelles et mâles ne diffèrent significativement qu’au niveau de la fraction minérale car il ressort que, leurs teneurs en protéines, en eau et en matière grasse sont sensiblement égales. D’un point de vue général, la viande d’aulacode sauvage, comparée à celle de certaines viandes de boucherie, a une teneur protéique (20,01%) proche de celle du veau, du poulet et du boeuf maigre (20 à 20,5%) ; mais qui est inférieure à celle du lapin (21 à 23%). En outre, son taux d’humidité (77,35%) est supérieur à celui du poulet, du lapin et du porc (60 à 75,3%). Par ailleurs, cette viande renferme une teneur en matières grasses (1,44 %) inférieure à celle du veau (1 à 7%), du lapin, du poulet et du porc (0,6 à 14,4%). Hormis le calcium, la fraction minérale de la viande d’aulacode sauvage est plus faible que celles du lapin, du poulet, du veau et du porc.Mots clés : Aulacode sauvage, membre pelvien, muscles, viande, couleur, nutrition

Economie Sociale et Solidaire, entre valeurs historiques et système alternatif

Dans un contexte économique caractérisé par la persistance des crises financières, l’économie sociale et solidaire   un diffèrent système qui émerge  à travers ses valeurs, son rôle, ses effets sur l’économie  et la société pour donner innover au service de l’intérêt général. La fonction de l’économie sociale  est devenue une composante a part entière dans le développement et la croissance des sociétés. Elle combine les différentes démarches économiques avec une finalité sociale et une gouvernance participative. Dans ce présent article on va essayer de démontrer l’évolution de la notion de l’économie Sociale à travers ses différentes formes   les coopératives, les mutuelles, les associations, ainsi la présentation du contexte actuelle de l’économie sociale son périmètre et ses différentes structures

A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. METHODS: We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. RESULTS: A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.)

First Isolation and Identification of Agriphages in Vegetable Crops in West Africa (Cȏte d’Ivorie): Potential Uses of Biocontrol in Plants

Agriphages or bacterial viruses are ubiquitous in the environment. The discovery of virulent phages against phytobacteria improves crop growth and proposes biopesticide uses for plant diseases. In Africa, many phytobacteria such as Ralstonia, Clavibacter, and Xanthomonas were reported in several regions. This paper focuses on evaluating the presence of agriphages for the biocontrol of phytobacteria in Côte d'Ivoire. Leaves and soil samples were collected from healthy and diseased plants in three sites located in Anyama, Abidjan, and Bingerville. The pretreatments occurred with sterile and physiological water for leaves and soil samples, respectively. The isolation of agriphages was done on specific media with Xanthomonas campestris as bacterial host. Lytic activity was tested on agar media for five bacteria strains. After DNA extraction using the Qiagen method kit, molecular confirmation of agriphages was done by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR. From this study, five (5) agriphages were isolated in soil and leaves in site 2. These agriphages have all been isolated from Xanthomonas campestris and have a broad spectrum of lytic activity. Molecular characterization by RAPD-PCR showed that three of these agriphages are DNA phages. The dendrogram showed that phages ΦXanS1 and ΦXanS2 have 93% similarities, while ΦXanS1 and ΦXanS2 are 62% similar to ΦXanF1. This study is the first reported agriphages in West Africa, alongside their potential uses against phytobacteria for biocontrol infection in crops

First Isolation and Identification of Agriphages in Vegetable Crops in West Africa (Côte d’Ivore): Potential Uses of Biocontrol in Plants

Agriphages or bacterial viruses are ubiquitous in the environment. The discovery of virulent phages against phytobacteria improves crop growth and proposes biopesticide uses for plant diseases. In Africa, many phytobacteria like Ralstonia, Clavibacter, and Xanthomonas were reported in several regions. The study aims to evaluate the presence of agriphages for the biocontrol of phytobacteria in Côte d'Ivoire. Leaves and soil samples were collected from healthy and diseased plants, and in three sites located in Anyama, Abidjan, and Bingerville. The pretreatments occur with sterile and physiological water for leaves and soil samples respectively. The isolation of agriphages was done on specific media with Xanthomonas campestris as bacterial host. Lytic activity was tested on agar media for five bacteria strains. After DNA extraction using the Qiagen method kit, molecular confirmation of agriphages was done by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR. From this study, five (5) agriphages were isolated in soil and leaves in site 2. These agriphages have all been isolated from Xanthomonas campestris and have a broad spectrum of lytic activity. Molecular characterization by RAPD-PCR showed that three of these agriphages are DNA phages. The dendrogram showed that phages ΦXanS1, ΦXanS2 have 93% similarities. While ΦXanS1 and ΦXanS2 are 62% similar to ΦXanF1. This study is the first reported agriphages in West Africa and their potential uses against phytobacteria for biocontrol infection in crops.   &nbsp

First Isolation and Identification of Agriphages in Vegetable Crops in West Africa (Côte d’Ivore): Potential Uses of Biocontrol in Plants

Agriphages or bacterial viruses are ubiquitous in the environment. The discovery of virulent phages against phytobacteria improves crop growth and proposes biopesticide uses for plant diseases. In Africa, many phytobacteria like Ralstonia, Clavibacter, and Xanthomonas were reported in several regions. The study aims to evaluate the presence of agriphages for the biocontrol of phytobacteria in Côte d'Ivoire. Leaves and soil samples were collected from healthy and diseased plants, and in three sites located in Anyama, Abidjan, and Bingerville. The pretreatments occur with sterile and physiological water for leaves and soil samples respectively. The isolation of agriphages was done on specific media with Xanthomonas campestris as bacterial host. Lytic activity was tested on agar media for five bacteria strains. After DNA extraction using the Qiagen method kit, molecular confirmation of agriphages was done by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR. From this study, five (5) agriphages were isolated in soil and leaves in site 2. These agriphages have all been isolated from Xanthomonas campestris and have a broad spectrum of lytic activity. Molecular characterization by RAPD-PCR showed that three of these agriphages are DNA phages. The dendrogram showed that phages ΦXanS1, ΦXanS2 have 93% similarities. While ΦXanS1 and ΦXanS2 are 62% similar to ΦXanF1. This study is the first reported agriphages in West Africa and their potential uses against phytobacteria for biocontrol infection in crops.   &nbsp

Isolation and identification of phytopathogenic bacteria in vegetable crops in West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire)

Yield losses in food crops due to plant pathogenic bacteria are significant and increasing over the years. The increasing losses caused by bacterial plant pathology are explained by the emerging resistance of bacteria to the chemical agents used in plant protection. Moreover, these chemical agents harm the environment through residue accumulation leading to soil pollution and the perturbation of the soil's inner ecosystem. The most important bacteria causing plant pathology belongs to the genera of Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Agrobacterium, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, Xylella, Pectobacterium, and Dickeya. However, in Côte d'Ivoire, only the Ralstonia species have been identified. Therefore, this study aims to identify plant pathogenic bacteria present in market garden plants in Côte d'Ivoire. Three sites in the cities of Anyama, Abidjan, and Bingerville were selected for the sampling and the detection of Pseudomonas syringea, Erwinia carotovora, Clavibacter michiganensis, Ralstonia solanacerum, and Xanthomonas campestris. The samples consisted of healthy and affected plant leaves and soils. In brief, 70 bacterial strains were isolated and phenotypically identified in this study. Among them, we noticed that 20% were isolated from the leaves and 80% from the soil. Regarding the bacterial species, C. michiganensis (37.14%), E. carotovora (18.57%), R. solanacerum (15.71%), X. campestris (14.28%), and P. syringae (11.42%) were identified. The molecular identification has confirmed the identification of the 5 plant pathogenic bacteria within all the studied sites. To the researchers' knowledge, this study is the first to describe the identification of P. syringea, E. carotovora, C. michiganensis, and X. campestris isolated in plant crops in Côte d'Ivoire

Aqueous Extract of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Afzel (Apocynaceae) Roots Effect on Blood Glucose Level of Normoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Rats

At 500, 700 and 1000 mg/ kg B.W., EARv causes, like glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg B.W., a reduction of blood glucose level of treated normoglycemic rats. In addition, EARv at 1000 mg/kg B.W. reducedand quickly nullifies the glucose tolerance in rats that is induced by oral administration of glucose (4 g/kg B.W.). This effect is also observed with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg B.W.). The phytochemical screening shows that EARv contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and antrhones and anthraquinones, catechin tannins, saponins and monoterpenoids. This study shows that the aqueous extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria has hypoglycemic and some antihyperglycemic properties, that justify its use in the treatment of diabetic hyperglycemia in traditional medicine.This study aims to assess the pharmacological effects of an aqueous extract roots of Rauwolfia vomitoria (EARv), a plant used in traditional medicine in the Ivory Coast to treat diabetes, on blood glucose normoglycemic rats and on glucose tolerance in rats by administration of glucose. The acute toxicity, as well as the phytochemicals present in this extract are also determined. During the experience, fives groups of rats received respectively distilled water, EARv at doses of 500, 700 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight and 10 mg/kg of glibenclamide. Then the blood glucose level of each rat was measured using a glucometer. Hyperglycemia was induced in rats by oral administration of glucose at dose of 4 g/kg. The rats were pretreated or post-treated of the same doses of tests substances and blood glucose level of each rat was measured. Acute toxicity by oral administration was studied in mice and phytochemical screening was performed by thin layer chromatography. The results show that EARv administered orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg B.W., does not cause the death of the treated mice.

Complete genome sequence of Ebrios, a novel T7virus isolated from the Ebrie Lagoon in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

The lytic Escherichia coli phage Ebrios was isolated from a water sample collected in Ebrie Lagoon on the Adiopodoumé River in Abidjan (Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa). The linear genome of this Podoviridae family member contains 39,752 bp, has a G+C content of 52.9%, is composed of 53 open reading frames, and is related to the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia phage IME15