Dampak Karies Gigi Terhadap Kualitas Hidup Anak

aries merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang paling banyak terjadi di masyarakat dan menyerang segala usia. Menurut WHO pada tahun 2016 prevalensi karies pada anak sekolah sebesar 60-90%. Karies dapat berdampak pada terganggunya aktivitas harian anak-anak dan akan berpengaruh pada kualitas hidupnya. Kualitas hidup merupakan persepsi individu terhadap kondisi fisik, psikologis, sosial, dan lingkungan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan penulisan kajian literatur ini adalah untuk mengaji dampak karies terhadap kualitas hidup anak menggunakan instrumen penilaian. Penilaian karies menggunakan indeks DMF-T/dmft, PUFA/pufa, dan Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment Index (CAST) sedangkan instrumen penilaian kualitas hidup yang digunakan yaitu Child Perseptions Questionnaire (CPQ). Hasil kajian literatur menunjukkan bahwa karies memiliki dampak terhadap aktivitas sehari-hari yang akan memengaruhi kualitas hidup penderitanya, dimana anak yang memiliki karies gigi memiliki kualitas hidup yang lebih buruk dibanding anak yang tidak memiliki karies. Berdasarkan instrumen Child Perseptions Questionnaire (CPQ), dampak negatif karies meliputi gejala oral, keterbatasan fungsi, gangguan kesejahteraan emosional dan sosial. Dampak yang dirasakan oleh anak bisa menyebabkan terganggunya tumbuh kembang dan aktivitas harian lain yang akan berpengaruh pada lingkungan sosial anak tersebut. Kata kunci: Anak, CPQ, karies, kualitas hidu

Studies on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism : emphasis on diabetes and sugar

Cholesterol has important functions in the body; as a precursor in the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids (BAs), and as a component of cellular membranes. However, an elevated level of plasma cholesterol, transported in low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, is one of the major risk factors and causes for cardiovascular disease. Therefore its metabolism is tightly regulated, from synthesis to excretion. Cholesterol can be excreted from the liver into the bile, directly or after conversion into BAs. By modulation of cholesterol and BA metabolism, carbohydrate and triglyceride (TG) metabolism can also be affected, and vice versa. The main focus of this thesis was to further characterize these relationships. In Paper I, the effects of inhibiting the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT; also known as apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter [ASBT]) on TG and glucose metabolism were studied. This was studied in IBAT-deficient mice fed a sucrose-enriched diet and in ob/ob mice treated with an IBAT inhibitor. Liver TG was reduced in the first model and plasma TG and blood glucose was reduced in the second. IBAT inhibition could therefore be a promising therapeutic agent. An unexpected finding was that BA synthesis was reduced by the sucrose-enriched diet. This was further studied in Paper II in which rats were fed two different sucrose-enriched diets. The first one, with increased sucrose content and concomitantly reduced contents of fibers and fats, reduced BA synthesis. However, the second more controlled high-sucrose diet, in where the complex carbohydrates were replaced by sucrose, did not affect BA synthesis. It was therefore concluded that it was not sucrose per se in the first diet that reduced BA synthesis. Both high-sucrose diets induced a very strong reduction in the hepatic expression of the cholesterol transporters ATP-binding cassette sub-family G members 5 and 8 (Abcg5/8). In Paper III, the effect of growth hormone (GH) on circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was investigated in three human studies with administration of different doses of GH, and for various durations. It was concluded that GH is not crucial for maintaining basal FGF21 levels and does not increase FGF21 levels acutely or after long-term administration of physiological doses. However, prolonged administration of supraphysiological doses increases FGF21. In Paper IV, type 2 diabetic patients were shown to have lower levels of LDL cholesterol in interstitial fluid than healthy controls, when related to their serum levels. This was unexpected as it was hypothesized that these patients would have higher LDL levels in interstitial fluid and that this could explain their increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the reduced level may mirror an increased cellular uptake of apoB-containing lipoproteins from the interstitial fluid. In conclusion, this thesis has further characterized the interactions between the metabolism of cholesterol and BAs, with that of TGs and glucose. It is shown that interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of BAs may be a promising drug target for improving glucose and TG metabolism. Furthermore, dietary sucrose may reduce the secretion of cholesterol into bile, however, this needs to be confirmed. It is shown that the hormone-like protein FGF21 can be elevated by high GH levels in humans. Lastly, type 2 diabetic patients have unexpectedly low LDL cholesterol levels in interstitial fluid, presumably reflecting their increased propensity to develop atherosclerosis

Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract?

Specificity is a core principle of exercise training to promote the desired adaptations for maximising athletic performance. The principle of specificity of adaptation is underpinned by the volume, intensity, frequency and mode of contractile activity and is most evident when contrasting the divergent phenotypes that result after undertaking either prolonged endurance or resistance training. The molecular profiles that generate the adaptive response to different exercise modes have undergone intense scientific scrutiny. Given divergent exercise induces similar signalling and gene expression profiles in skeletal muscle of untrained or recreationally active individuals, what is currently unclear is how the specificity of the molecular response is modified by prior training history. The time course of adaptation and when ‘phenotype specificity’ occurs has important implications for exercise prescription. This context is essential when attempting to concomitantly develop resistance to fatigue (through endurance-based exercise) and increased muscle mass (through resistance-based exercise), typically termed ‘concurrent training’. Chronic training studies provide robust evidence that endurance exercise can attenuate muscle hypertrophy and strength but the mechanistic underpinning of this ‘interference’ effect with concurrent training is unknown. Moreover, despite the potential for several key regulators of muscle metabolism to explain an incompatibility in adaptation between endurance and resistance exercise, it now seems likely that multiple integrated, rather than isolated, effectors or processes generate the interference effect. Here we review studies of the molecular responses in skeletal muscle and evidence for the interference effect with concurrent training within the context of the specificity of training adaptation

Preprosthetic Treatment

Pretprotetska terapija je složen proces. Sastoji se od niza neizostavnih radnji koje osiguravaju trajnost fiksnoprotetskog rada i zadovoljstvo pacijenta. Pacijenta je potrebno informirati o stanju njegovog stomatognatog sustava, izložiti mu plan sanacije i sve postupke koje mora obaviti prije početka same protetske terapije.Valja mu pritom objasniti da se protetski rad može učiniti tek kad je cijela usna šupljina sanirana. Pretprotetska terapija započinje uzimanjem iscrpne opće medicinske i stomatološke anamneze. Nakon anamneze prelazi se na klinički pregled pacijenta i rendgensku analizu. U dijagnostičke svrhe i za planiranje terapije mogu se upotrijebiti i studijski modeli te dijagnostičko navoštavanje sadrenih modela i izrada provizorija. Time bi se predvidio optimalan estetski i funkcijski rezultat te kliničke i laboratorijske mjere potrebne za njegovo postizanje. Pretprotetska terapija uključuje restaurativnu i endodontsku terapiju, kiruršku terapiju, parodontološku etiološku terapiju, terapiju bolesti oralne sluznice i ortodontsku terapiju.Preprosthetic treatment is a complex process consisting of a series of indispensable actions that ensure the durability of a fixed prosthesis and patient satisfaction. The patient needs to be informed about the state of his/her dental system and presented with the rehabilitation plan and all the necessary procedures before the beginning of the prosthetic treatment, with the explanation that the prosthetic work can only be done when the whole oral cavity is repaired. The preprosthetic treatment begins with the taking of a thorough general medical and dental history. After history taking, we proceed to a clinical examination of the patient and X-ray analysis. For diagnostic purposes and for treatment planning we can also use study models, a diagnostic wax-up of plaster models, or make a provisional prosthesis to predict optimal aesthetic and functional results, together with clinical and laboratory measures necessary for its achievement. Preprosthetic treatment involves restorative and endodontic treatment, surgical treatment, periodontal treatment, as well as the treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa and orthodontic treatment

Teaching guitar: a comparison of two methods

Musical performers have typically been categorized as either “classical” (reading music), or “playing by ear,” (usually popular or folk music). The two groups of musicians were seen at polar opposite ends of a spectrum. The intent of this study was to explore a comparison between traditional teaching from notation (reading group), and another method that focused on ear playing, and imitation of a model (hearing/modeling group), with an intact class of music education majors learning to play the guitar (N=22). A panel four of judges who evaluated each student’s final performance of a mandatory prepared piece without knowledge of their treatment group, scored each individual in five categories: note correctness, rhythmic precision, confidence, expression, relaxation and posture, tone quality, and synchronization between the hands. There was a significant difference in the final performance assessment between the hearing/modeling and reading groups. The hearing/modeling group had higher average scores (M=3.07) than the reading group (M=2.50), as well as higher scores on the specific sub-categories. Training “by ear” seems to have positive effects for accuracy and fluency of performance in beginning guitarists. Keywords: Guitar pedagogy, Guitar teaching methodology, Playing by ear, Reading music

Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes.

Using an amalgamation of previously studied "train-low" paradigms, we tested the effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on cell-signaling responses associated with exercise-induced regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a repeated-measures crossover design, 11 males completed an exhaustive cycling protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise (HIGH) or alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability (LOW + LEU). Muscle glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre-exercise (HIGH: 583 ± 158, LOW + LEU: 271 ± 85 mmol kg(-1) dw) but decreased (P < 0.05) to comparable levels at exhaustion (≈100 mmol kg(-1) dw). Despite differences (P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 ± 29, LOW + LEU: 100 ± 17 min), exercise induced (P < 0.05) comparable AMPKα2 (3-4-fold) activity, PGC-1α (13-fold), p53 (2-fold), Tfam (1.5-fold), SIRT1 (1.5-fold), Atrogin 1 (2-fold), and MuRF1 (5-fold) gene expression at 3 h post-exercise. Exhaustive exercise suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post-exercise (≈20 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). Despite elevated leucine availability post-exercise, p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h post-exercise in LOW + LEU (28 ± 14 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis (40 mmol kg(-1) dw h(-1)) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity in HIGH (53 ± 30 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before and during exercise induces "work-efficient" mitochondrial-related cell signaling but; (2) post-exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K activity at basal levels despite feeding leucine-enriched protein. Our data support the practical concept of "fuelling for the work required" as a potential strategy for which to amalgamate train-low paradigms into periodized training programs

PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL, MARJIN LABA, UTILISASI ASET, DAN MULTIPLIER EKUITAS TERHADAP RENTABILITAS PERUSAHAAN. (Studi Kasus pada Perusahaan Real Estate dan Praperty)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apakah struktur modal berpengaruh negatif terhadap rentabilitas perusahaan dan apakah marjin laba utilisasi aset dan multiplier ekuitas berpengaruh positif terhadap rentabilitas perusahaan.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor-faktor tersebut digunakan analisis regresi berganda. Sampel penelitian ini adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang Real Estate dan Property dengan periode penelitian 2004 sampai 2008. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat multikolineritas antar variabel independen sehingga variabel multiplier ekuitas yang diwakili oleh rasio Equity Multiplier (EM) dikeluarkan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil pengujian regresi berganda menunjukkan struktur modal yang diwakili oleh Debt to Equity Rcrio (DER) memiliki pengaruh signifikan positif terhadap rentabilitas perusahaan yang diwakili oleh rasio Return on Equity (ROE). Marjin laba diwakili oleh rasio Profit margin (PM) dan utilisasi aset diwakili oleh Total Aset Turnover (TATO) secara parsial memiliki pengaruh signifikan positif terhadap rentabilitas perusahaan. Secara simultan struktur modal, marjin laba dan utilisasi aset berpengaruh signifikan terhadap rentabilitas perusahaan. Pengaruh positif struktur modal terhadap rentabilitas perusahaan dikarenakan penggunaan hutang sampai pada titik tertentu (struktur modal optimal) dapat mengurangi beban pajak yang harus ditanggung perusahaan sehingga laba perusahaan akan meningkat. Perusahaan Real Estate dan Property adalah salah satu jenis perusahaan dengan tingkat pajak yang tinggi. Selain itq jenis perusahaan ini memiliki aset tetap dalam jumlah besar yang memudahkannya dalam memperoleh pinjaman

A contribuição de um periódico inglês para divulgação de violonistas brasileiros e seus repertórios nas décadas 1950-1970

Through the information published by the English magazine Guitar News, this article attempts to expose an external view on Brazilian guitar performers and composers, in order to have an overview from the perspective of an international media between the 1950s and 1970s, based on a descriptive documentary research. The information described by the journal displays a kind of prejudice against instrument practices which are not seen as "classical", which seems to influence the selection of the published materials. Therefore, we try to compare each performer's published repertoire and, through a mapping survey, to analyze quantitatively the nationalities of the composers of the works presented, considering Europe, Brazil and other Latin American countries, in order to understand the possible motivations for the publication of each article. In the introductory section, we present tables with all the editions featuring Brazilian names, in addition to those that were published in the front cover.Baseado nas informações publicadas pela revista inglesa Guitar News, este artigo busca mostrar a visão sobre intérpretes, compositores e críticos do violão brasileiro veiculada em um periódico inglês, a fim de obter um panorama da atuação violonística entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970, por meio de uma pesquisa documental descritiva. As informações descritas pelo periódico demonstram determinado preconceito com as práticas do instrumento que não sejam consideradas “clássicas”, o que influencia a seleção dos materiais que foram veiculados. Perante isso, buscamos relacionar os repertórios publicados de cada intérprete e, por meio de um levantamento por gráficos, que analisa quantitativamente a nacionalidade dos compositores das obras apresentadas, que incluem Europa, Brasil e outros países da América Latina, a fim de perceber uma possível linha condutora para a publicação de cada matéria. Na parte introdutória, são apresentadas tabelas com todas as edições que contemplam nomes brasileiros, além daqueles que foram publicados como capa

Sistem Informasi Logistik Aktiva Tetap Berbasis Web dengan Akses Mobile pada PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Kantor Cabang Padang Panjang

Bagian logistik BRI Padang Panjang belum memiliki sistem yang terkomputerisasi dalam mengelola kegiatan logistik aktiva tetap yang mereka miliki. Penggunaan sistem manual menyebabkan kurang efektif dan efisiennya pekerjaan sehingga perlu untuk dikembangkan sebuah sistem informasi yang mampu mengelola kegiatan logistik aktiva tetap BRI Padang Panjang. Sistem informasi yang dikembangkan berbasis web yang dilengkapi dengan fitur mobile sehingga dapat diakses kapanpun dan dimanapun. Metode waterfall digunakan pada tahap pengembangan aplikasi dengan melakukan analisis serta perancangan untuk selanjutnya diimplementasikan dan terakhir dilakukan pengujian. Tahap analisis dan perancangan digambarkan dengan menggunakan BPMN serta UML. Implementasi perangkat lunak menggunakan bahasa pemograman PHP, javascript, HMTL, serta jquery dengan mengadopsi arsitektur MVC serta database Postgresql. Hasil dari tahap implementasi ini yaitu telah berhasil dibangun sebuah sistem informasi logistik aktiva tetap berbasis web dengan fitur mobile untuk BRI Padang Panjang. Fitur mobile dapat diakses oleh pimpinan cabang untuk melihat/mencari data aset serta melakukan persetujuan permintaan aset dengan menggunakan sebuah perangkat mobile dengan spesifikasi sistem operasi android v4.0.4. Pengujian perangkat lunak menggunakan metode blackbox testing untuk aplikasi web maupun mobile dengan hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi yang dikembangkan telah berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Kata kunci - BRI, logistik, aktiva tetap, aplikasi, web, mobil