Emissions generated by sugarcane burning promote genotoxicity in rural workers: a case study in Barretos, Brazil

Background: To determine the possible genotoxic effect of exposure to the smoke generated by biomass burning on workers involved in manual sugar cane harvesting. Methods: The frequency of micronuclei in exfoliated buccal cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined in sugarcane workers in the Barretos region of Brazil, during the harvest season and compared to a control population, comprised of administrative employees of Barretos Cancer Hospital. Results: The frequency of micronuclei was higher in the sugar cane workers. The mean frequency in blood lymphocytes (micronuclei/1000 cells) in the test group was 8.22 versus 1.27 in the control group. The same effect was observed when exfoliated buccal cells were considered (22.75 and 9.70 micronuclei/1000 cells for sugar cane workers and controls, respectively). Conclusion: Exposure to emissions produced by the burning of sugar cane during harvesting induces genomic instability in workers, indicating the necessity of adopting more advanced techniques of harvesting sugar cane to preserve human health.We thank the Researcher Support Center of Barretos Cancer Hospital, especially the statistician Zanardo C. for assisting in the statistical analysis. We thank Oliveira R. for technical support, and we acknowledge financial support from FAPESP Proc. 2010/10192-6

Distribuição espacial de queimadas e mortalidade em idosos em região da Amazônia Brasileira, 2001 – 2012

Universidade do Estado do Amazonas. Manaus, AM, BrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Física. São Paulo, SP, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilAs queimadas exercem relevante impacto sobre o ecossistema amazônico na estação seca com as emissões de poluentes atmosféricos. Os efeitos sobre a saúde das populações, principalmente na região do arco do desmatamento, tem sido objeto de recentes estudos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial dos focos de queimadas e da mortalidade por doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares em idosos, no Estado de Rondônia, no período de 2001 a 2012. Os dados de mortalidade foram obtidos por meio do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, do Ministério da Saúde. Dados de focos de queimadas foram disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Utilizou-se o estimador de Kernel. As maiores taxas de mortalidade foram observadas no centro-leste e sudeste de Rondônia. Os focos de queimadas concentraram-se na porção norte do estado, mas com quantidade relevante em outras regiões. As distribuições espaciais das áreas quentes de taxa de mortalidade e de queimadas não se mostraram diretamente associadas. Entretanto, as queimadas foram observadas em todos os municípios do estado. Os poluentes emitidos na queima podem ser transportados por milhares de quilômetros das áreas de origem e influenciar a saúde de idosos.The burning of biomass has a significant impact on the Amazon ecosystem in the dry season due to the emissions of air pollutants. The effects on the health of the population, especially in the region of the arc of deforestation, has been the subject of recent studies. The scope of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of biomass burning and mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among the elderly in the state of Rondônia in the period from 2001 to 2012. Mortality data were obtained through the Mortality Information System of the Ministry of Health. Biomass burning data were provided by the National Institute for Space Research. The Kernel estimator was used. The highest mortality rates were observed in the central-east and south-east of Rondônia. The focuses of the fires were concentrated in the northern part of the state, though with a significant amount in other regions. The spatial distribution of the hot areas of mortality and fires were not directly associated. However, fires were observed in all municipalities in the state. Pollutants emitted from biomass burning can be transported thousands of kilometers from the source areas and influence the health of the elderly

A systematic review of the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants from biomass burning and combustion of fossil fuels and health effects in Brazil

The aim of this study was to carry out a review of scientific literature published in Brazil between 2000 and 2009 on the characteristics of air pollutants from different emission sources, especially particulate matter (PM) and its effects on respiratory health. Using electronic databases, a systematic literature review was performed of all research related to air pollutant emissions. Publications were analyzed to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants from different emission sources and their related effects on the respiratory system. The PM2.5 is composed predominantly of organic compounds with 20% of inorganic elements. Higher concentrations of metals were detected in metropolitan areas than in biomass burning regions. The relative risk of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases in children was higher than in the elderly population. The results of studies of health effects of air pollution are specific to the region where the emissions occurred and should not be used to depict the situation in other areas with different emission sources