The practices of English in Indonesian secondary education: A sequential explanatory study

A growing body of literature on need analysis research has been carried out in indifference areas in various countries around the world. However, need analysis study in Indonesian vocational settings situated in marketing programs is still in its infancy. This article aimed at exploring participants’ angles toward the participants’ ESP Target Needs in the marketing program at a private Vocational High School (VHS) in East Java, Indonesia. By adapting Hutchinson & Waters' (1987) frameworks, this sequential explanatory mixed-methods (Creswell, 2014, 2018) employed a web-based questionnaire and a series of semi-structured interviews as the instruments. A web-based questionnaire consisting of 9 items: 2 items asking about wants, 2 items asking about necessities, and 5 items asking about lacks was administered to 15 participants who consented to take part in the recent study. Additionally, there were 3 areas of a series of semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ and the English teachers’ feelings about their wants, necessities, and lacks. A descriptive statistical method using SPSS v.25 was used to analyze the quantitative data, whereas thematic analysis proposed by Widodo (2014) was employed to analyze the qualitative data. The findings indicated that there were various perceptions related to their English target needs. Conclusions, limitations, and recommendations were then discussed.Keywords: English specific purposes (ESP); marketing program; need analysis; target needs; vocational high school (VHS

Signal transduction and cytoskeletal responses in the pathogenesis of attaching and effacing bacterial infection

grantor: University of TorontoAdhesion of bacteria to host epithelial cells is a critical primary step in the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease. Bacteria demonstrating attaching and effacing (AE) adhesion include enteropathogenic 'Escherichia coli ' (EPEC), Verocytotoxin-producing 'E. coli' (VTEC), and certain isolates of 'Hafnia alvei'. The AE lesion is characterized by focal destruction of microvilli followed by intimate contact between the bacteria and the host membrane with recruitment of underlying cytoskeletal elements. By immunofluorescence microscopy, it was shown that detection of Ã-actinin, an actin binding and crosslinking protein, accumulation in infected epithelial cells is a consistent and specific manifestation of AE response. Therefore, the detection of Ã-actinin in eukaryotic cells could serve as a reliable and non-toxic alternative to fluorescent F-actin staining test utilizing phalloidin, a highly toxic mushroom-derived poison, to detect AE bacteria. Selected signal transduction responses to VTEC O157:H7 infection were examined. Similar to EPEC, VTEC infection of epithelial cells leads to an activation of phoshatidylinositol cascade as determined by elevations in inositol trisphosphate and release of intracellular Ca2+. In contrast to EPEC, multiple VTEC O157:H7 strains consistently failed to induce a detectable phosphotyrosine response. However, the phosphotyrosine response and the ability of VTEC to induce their internalization into ion into non-phagocytic cells, an event dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation, could be induced in VTEC-infected cells if coinfected with an EPEC. Using recombinant laboratory 'E. coli' overexpressing intiminO157, and double immunofluorescence labeling, it was demonstrated that VTEC can signal for the accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in the absence of phosphotyrosine response. Taken together, these findings show that VTEC O157:H7 pathogenesis may involve signal transduction pathways distinct from those induced by EPEC. Eleven Canadian clinical isolates of 'H. alvei' were examined for the AE characteristics. These organisms failed to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement or form AE lesions. None of the organisms possessed the ' eae' gene. These results demonstrate that not all diarrheagenic ' H. alvei' are AE. Together with profiles of outer membrane protein extracts, chromosomal macrorestriction fragments and plasmids, these findings indicate that there is heterogeneity in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics among strains of 'H. alvei'.Ph.D

Signal transduction and cytoskeletal responses in the pathogenesis of attaching and effacing bacterial infection

grantor: University of TorontoAdhesion of bacteria to host epithelial cells is a critical primary step in the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease. Bacteria demonstrating attaching and effacing (AE) adhesion include enteropathogenic 'Escherichia coli ' (EPEC), Verocytotoxin-producing 'E. coli' (VTEC), and certain isolates of 'Hafnia alvei'. The AE lesion is characterized by focal destruction of microvilli followed by intimate contact between the bacteria and the host membrane with recruitment of underlying cytoskeletal elements. By immunofluorescence microscopy, it was shown that detection of Ã-actinin, an actin binding and crosslinking protein, accumulation in infected epithelial cells is a consistent and specific manifestation of AE response. Therefore, the detection of Ã-actinin in eukaryotic cells could serve as a reliable and non-toxic alternative to fluorescent F-actin staining test utilizing phalloidin, a highly toxic mushroom-derived poison, to detect AE bacteria. Selected signal transduction responses to VTEC O157:H7 infection were examined. Similar to EPEC, VTEC infection of epithelial cells leads to an activation of phoshatidylinositol cascade as determined by elevations in inositol trisphosphate and release of intracellular Ca2+. In contrast to EPEC, multiple VTEC O157:H7 strains consistently failed to induce a detectable phosphotyrosine response. However, the phosphotyrosine response and the ability of VTEC to induce their internalization into ion into non-phagocytic cells, an event dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation, could be induced in VTEC-infected cells if coinfected with an EPEC. Using recombinant laboratory 'E. coli' overexpressing intiminO157, and double immunofluorescence labeling, it was demonstrated that VTEC can signal for the accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in the absence of phosphotyrosine response. Taken together, these findings show that VTEC O157:H7 pathogenesis may involve signal transduction pathways distinct from those induced by EPEC. Eleven Canadian clinical isolates of 'H. alvei' were examined for the AE characteristics. These organisms failed to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement or form AE lesions. None of the organisms possessed the ' eae' gene. These results demonstrate that not all diarrheagenic ' H. alvei' are AE. Together with profiles of outer membrane protein extracts, chromosomal macrorestriction fragments and plasmids, these findings indicate that there is heterogeneity in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics among strains of 'H. alvei'.Ph.D

The practices of English in Indonesian secondary education: A sequential explanatory study

A growing body of literature on need analysis research has been carried out in indifference areas in various countries around the world. However, need analysis study in Indonesian vocational settings situated in marketing programs is still in its infancy. This article aimed at exploring participants’ angles toward the participants’ ESP Target Needs in the marketing program at a private Vocational High School (VHS) in East Java, Indonesia. By adapting Hutchinson &amp; Waters' (1987) frameworks, this sequential explanatory mixed-methods (Creswell, 2014, 2018) employed a web-based questionnaire and a series of semi-structured interviews as the instruments. A web-based questionnaire consisting of 9 items: 2 items asking about wants, 2 items asking about necessities, and 5 items asking about lacks was administered to 15 participants who consented to take part in the recent study. Additionally, there were 3 areas of a series of semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ and the English teachers’ feelings about their wants, necessities, and lacks. A descriptive statistical method using SPSS v.25 was used to analyze the quantitative data, whereas thematic analysis proposed by Widodo (2014) was employed to analyze the qualitative data. The findings indicated that there were various perceptions related to their English target needs. Conclusions, limitations, and recommendations were then discussed.Keywords: English specific purposes (ESP); marketing program; need analysis; target needs; vocational high school (VHS)</jats:p

Modulation of host cell membrane fluidity: a novel mechanism for preventing bacterial adhesion

Adhesion of bacterial enteropathogens to host mucosal surfaces is a critical primary step in the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease. We investigated the effects of altering the physical properties of eukaryotic cells on bacterial adhesion with the use of a series of three structurally dissimilar membrane fluidizers and several Escherichia coli as test strains. Lipid fluidity of the cell plasma membrane was measured by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy employing the probe 1-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. There was a dose-dependent and reversible inhibition of bacterial adhesion with increasing membrane fluidity. Time course experiments indicated that increasing membrane fluidity during the early stages of bacterial adhesion was essential for inhibition of attachment. None of the fluidizers affected the viability of either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that changes in plasma membrane physical properties of epithelial cells can prevent microbial adhesion. This also suggests that altering the membrane properties of host cells could form a basis for novel strategies to prevent bacterial adhesion during infection in vivo.</jats:p

Divergent Signal Transduction Responses to Infection with Attaching and Effacing <i>Escherichia coli</i>

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is an attaching and effacing pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although this organism causes adhesion pedestals, the cellular signals responsible for the formation of these lesions have not been clearly defined. We have shown previously that STEC O157:H7 does not induce detectable tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins upon binding to eukaryotic cells and is not internalized into nonphagocytic epithelial cells. In the present study, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were detected under adherent STEC O157:H7 when coincubated with the non-intimately adhering, intimin-deficient, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strain CVD206. The ability to be internalized into epithelial cells was also conferred on STEC O157:H7 when coincubated with CVD206 ([158 ± 21] % of control). Neither the ability to rearrange phosphotyrosine proteins nor that to be internalized into epithelial cells was evident following coincubation with another STEC O157:H7 strain or with the nonsignaling espB mutant of EPEC. E. coli JM101(pMH34/pSSS1C), which overproduces surface-localized O157 intimin, also rearranged tyrosine-phosphorylated and cytoskeletal proteins when coincubated with CVD206. In contrast, JM101(pMH34/pSSS1C) demonstrated rearrangement of cytoskeletal proteins, but not tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, when coincubated with intimin-deficient STEC (strains CL8KO1 and CL15). These findings indicate that STEC O157:H7 forms adhesion pedestals by mechanisms that are distinct from those in attaching and effacing EPEC. Taken together, these findings point to diverging signal transduction responses to infection with attaching and effacing bacterial enteropathogens. </jats:p

Bacterial Adherence to Plant and Animal Surfaces Via Adhesin-Lipid Interactions

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