Molten Salt Electrolytes for Electrodeposition of CdTe Films

We report preliminary investigation of several molten salt electrolytes containing CdCl2 and TeCl4 for the electrodeposition of CdTe films at temperatures well above (\u3e250 °C) those used with aqueous and organic electrolytes. These high temperatures have potential todramatically increase the crystallite size (Poole, Engelken, et al., 1994), as is important for optoelectronic device applications of CdTe, a leading II-VIsemiconductor. This paper willsurvey the results obtained withelectrolytes such as B2O,/HBO2 (m.p. - 230\u27C), NaCH3COO (m.p. » 324°C), ZnCl2 (m.p. - 283*C), and LiCl/KCl (m.p. * 350 °C), with an emphasis on the latter two. Key material to be presented includes 1) voltammetric data for the solutions, 2) x-ray diffractometry data for deposited films, 3) a discussion of the numerous practical problems associated withhigh temperature electrochemistry, especially incorrosive, volatile systems, and 4) emphasis of the value of an operationally feasible high temperature plating system to the commercial viabilityof electrodeposited semiconductor films

Fenomena delinkuen dalam kalangan remaja yang berisiko di sebuah sekolah menengah kebangsaan agama di luar bandar Malaysia

Kajian ini merupakan kajian kes tentang fenomena belia remaja delinkuen yang berlaku di pusat pengajian Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama di luar bandar Malaysia. Pelbagai pihak telah pun berusaha untuk memahami dan membuat penyelidikan dengan pelbagai dapatan yang diperolehi. Namun penyelidikan tersebut tidak dapat menjadi input bagi menyelesaikan permasalahan yang timbul dalam diri para belia, bahkan belia remaja makin bertambah terlibat dengan gejala delinkuen. Dalam kajian ini pengkaji telah melakukan tumpuan itu bagi memahami perlakuan tersebut dengan membuat pemahaman terperinci terhadap masalah psikologi, pegangan agama dan kecerdasan emosi. Dapatan yang diperolehi menunjukkan bahawa ciri-ciri psikologi belia yang delinkuen adalah Rendah Penerimaan Kendiri, Kuasa Autonomi Pasif, Kemesraan Bersama Kawan, Bertindak Agresif, Ada Matlamat Hidup, Rendah Penghargaan Kendiri. Manakala pegangan agama dan kecerdasan emosi menunjukkan mereka adalah Lemah Mengurus Tekanan Emosi, Ingin Mencuba, Lemah Pegangan Agama, Rendah Kawalan Emosi Kendiri. Tiada kesedaran potensi diri. Di samping itu terdapat faktor luaran yang paling dekat dari pengaruh rakan sebaya dan pengaruh keluarga yang kurang berperanan tanggungjawab mereka dalam membentuk remaja sehingga menyumbang kepada tingkah laku delinkuen

Diagnostics of CdTe Electrodeposition by Rest Potential Voltammetry

Due to the extreme sensitivity of the partial elemental currents (i.e.,iCd, iTe) and, hence, stoichiometry to deposition voltage, temperature, mass transport, and ambient light intensity during electrodeposition of semiconductor films, it is important to implement in-situ methods for monitoring the stoichiometry and related semiconductor efficacy of the growing film. We report investigation of open circuit rest potential (Eoc) voltammetry as one such method during electrodeposition of CdTe from aprotic electrolytes such as ethylene glycol. Plots of transient open circuit potential versus sweep voltage exhibit distinct transition and plateau structures corresponding to Te, CdTe, and Cd phases and correlating with the appearance/disappearance of photocurrent, x-ray diffraction evidence of the three phases, and optical obsorption spectroscopy. In particular, the Eoc plateau corresponding to deposition of near-stoichiometric CdTe can be used to monitor and control the deposition process

Mo (VI) reduction to molybdenum blue by Serratia marcescens strain Dr. Y9.

In this work we report on the isolation of a local molybdenum-reducing bacterium. The bacterium reduced molybdate or Mo(6+) to molybdenum blue (oxidation states between 5+ to 6+). Electron donors that supported cellular growth were sucrose, maltose, mannitol,fructose, glucose and starch (in decreasing order) with sucrose supporting formation of the highest amount of molybdenum blue at 10 g/l after 24 hours of static incubation. The optimum molybdate and phosphate concentrations that supported molybdate reduction were 20 and 5 mM, respectively. Molybdate reduction was optimal at 37∞C. The molybdenum blue produced from cellular reduction exhibited a unique absorption spectrum with a maximum peak at 865 nm and a shoulder at 700 nm. The isolate was tentatively identified as S. marcescens strain Dr.Y9 based on carbon utilization profiles using Biolog GN plates and partial 16S rDNA molecular phylogeny. No inhibition of molybdenum-reducing activity was seen using electron transport system (ETS) inhibitors such as antimycin A,1 HQNO (Hydro-xyquinoline-N-Oxide), sodium azide and cyanide suggesting that the ETS of this bacterium is not the site of molybdate reduction

PERENCANAAN MUSEUM KAPAL MOTOR DI TENGGARONG DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR TROPIS

Kota Tenggarong memiliki Sungai Mahakam yang menghubungkan antar Kabupaten Kutai Barat sampai Kota Samarinda. Dengan panjang sungai mencapai 920 Kilometer.  Dengan ini akan dibuatnya perencanaan Museum Kapal Motor, pada tahapan penelitian ini berupa metode pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder, metode analisa terdiri analisa kebutuhan ruang, besaran ruang, hubungan ruang, site, Koefisien Dasar Bangunan dan Koefisien Dasar Hijau, ruang dan gubahan ruang, massa dan gubahan massa, bentuk, struktur, utilitas. Konsep bangunan dengan penekanan arsitektur tropis pada penerapan pencahayaan bangunan Museum.Jumlah besaran ruang 6,341.7 m2 terbagi dengan luas Koefisien Dasar Bangunan 6,341.7 luas Koefisien Dasar Hijau 4,227.8, untuk analisa site pada penelitian yaitu meninjau seperti drainase, arah angin, matahari. analisa utilitas seperti air bersih, kotor, hujan dan pemipaan pada area Museum. Jenis Kapal di pamerkan yaitu, kapal motor angkutan barang, tambang, angkutan kendaraan dengan konsep terklaster berupa penyusunan massa pada site, transformasi bentukan kapal menyerupai kapal angkutan Bis Air Sungai Mahakam, dan sejarah-sejarah Kapal

PERENCANAAN SDM DAN PERSONALIA MENUJU PENDIDIKAN BERKUALITAS

Pendidikan merupakan usaha memanusiakan manusia. Untuk itu lembaga pendidikan harus sigap dalam melakukan perubahan sesuai dengan tuntutan pengguna pendidikan. Pendidik dan tenaga pendidikan merupakan pihak yang paling menentukan perubahan tersebut. Untuk itu pendidik dan tenaga pendidikan harus ada penataan pendidik dan tenaga pendidikan agar tidak terjadi jurang pemisah antar berbagai daerah disamping penataan diperlukan pelatihan berkala yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pendidik dan tenaga pendidikan secara berkala. Pemerintah dalam hal ini perlu memberikan dukungan yang dibutuhkan oleh pendidik dan tenaga pendidikan untuk mengembangkan kualitas diridemi terwujudkan lembaga pendidikan yang unggu

Evaluation of the Spinoffs Criteria: a Lesson From the Indonesian Islamic Banking Industry

Spin-off policy is one of the crucial issues in the Indonesian Islamic Banking Act (The Act of 21/2008). This paper is going to evaluate the spinoffs criteria that are inherent in the Act of 21/2008. The method that has been used in this paper to evaluate the spinoffs criteria is ARIMA and simulation. This ARIMA method is used to forecast that the Islamic banking unit can achieve the fifty percent asset after fifteen years after this act. The object that is used in this paper is four Islamic spin-off's banks, five Islamic banking units, and two Islamic full-fledged banks. The ARIMA result shows that from all of the objects in fifteen years or the year of 2023, there are no Islamic banks either Islamic full-fledged banks or Islamic banking unit can achieve the fifty percent asset. Besides that, based on the simulation it needs high growth asset to achieve the market share asset of its parent's banks. According to these results, this study suggests the regulator should revise the spinoffs criteria using the strict criteria that based on either nominal assets, capital, financial ratio or the others

Review on Adsorption of Heavy Metal in Wastewater by Using Geopolymer

Rapid development of advanced technology in Malaysia gave impact increasing in the accumulation of heavy metal every day in our daily life through wastewater. Long term exposure of human bodies to heavy metals susceptible to receives various infections and diseases. From an environmental and economic perspective, adsorption is acceptable process that can be applied in wastewater treatment. However, usage of activated carbon most acknowledged and costly adsorbents lead people to find an alternative to activated carbon. Several studies of physical properties of geopolymer make them gain attention to replace an activated carbon in the treatment of heavy metal. This paper review adsorption of heavy metal by using geopolymer