Field Investigation on the Prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in Camels in Relation to Sex, Age, Breed and Herd Size

Blood samples were collected from 240 camels (183 male and 57 female) of four breeds from six districts of Sindh. An overall infection was determined as 11.25%. Species of Trypanosoma was identified as Trypanosoma evansi. District wise infection was found to be 2.5, 7.5, 12.5, 15.00, 22.5 and 7.5% in Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas, Umerkot, Badin, Thatta and Larkana, respectively. A higher infection was found in females (15.79%) as compared to males (9.84%). Highest (14.96%) infection was noted in age group >7 years, followed by 8.57 and 4.65% in 3 to 7 years and less than to 3 years old camels, respectively. Four breeds of camels were surveyed and the highest infection rate was found in Sakrai breed (21.82%), followed by 16.67, 6.15 and 5.95% in Kharai, Sindhi and Dhati breeds respectively. When herd size was considered, infection rate was 1.67, 6.67, 15.00 and 21.67% in herds possessing 1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 20 and more than 20 animals, respectively

Procedimiento de preparación, conservación, y uso en peces, del probiótico SHEWANELLA PUTREFACIENS PDP 11 para el control de enfermedades y la mejora en el crecimiento

Número de solicitud 201100385Procedimiento de preparación, conservación, y uso en peces, del probiótico Shewanella putresfaciens Pdp11 para el control de enfermedades y la mejora en el crecimiento. Preferentemente, el probiótico, compuesto por células enteras de la cepa Pdp11, se cultiva en TSAs durante 24 h a 22ºC. La preparación de una suspensión del probiótico, preferentemente sin proceso previo de liofilización o de inactivación física o química, se realiza mediante su incorporación en una matriz de alginato, preferentemente alginato sádico al 0,5%. La suspensión preparada se puede conservar sin pérdida significativa de viabilidad durante 20 - 30 días a 4ºC. Los productos alimenticios para peces son preparados mediante la adición en agitación de la suspensión de probiótico y, adicionalmente, CaCl2 50 mM, preferentemente mediante atomización.Universidad de Málaga (50%). Universidad de Almería (50%

Preparado de bacterias probióticas para su administración oral a peces cultivados basado en la encapsulación en hidrogeles de alginato

Número de solicitud: 201100469La invención consiste en un preparado para la administración oral del probiótico Shewanella PDP11 a peces. El preparado se caracteriza por contener células bacterianas viables de la cepa CECT 7627 encapsuladas en un hidrogel basado en alginato cálcico en forma de partículas esféricas de morfología uniforme y tamaño modificable para adaptarse a peces de distinto tamaño. Las cápsulas contienen aditivos organolépticos y/o nutricionales que actúan como atrayentes para los animales. El preparado mantiene viables a las bacterias durante periodos prolongados, es estable en medios acuáticos, y soporta el paso por el tubo digestivo de los peces, sobre los que ejerce efectos biológicos favorables. Su administración por vía oral es independiente del alimento habitual, evitando así la inactivación del microorganismo durante la fabricación del pienso.Universidad de Almerí

View-based Modelling and State-Space Generation for Graph Transformation Systems

Modelling complex systems by graph transformation, we face scalability challenges both in our ability to create and understand these models and in the ability of tools to analyse them. To address these problems we propose to model graph transformation systems in views which can be understood and analysed separately. In particular, we show that transition systems can be generated separately for different views which, when synchronised using a CSP-like operator, yield a system that is bisimilar to the original global system

ANALISIS KUALITATIF DESKRIPTIF PERKEMBANGAN REKSA DANA DI INDONESIA PERIODE , 1997-2002

Pada sistem perekonomian di negara maju, pembiayaan pembangunan banyak bersumber dari pasar modal. Implikasi dari ketergantungan tersebut adalah penciptaan pasar modal yang ramai dan bergairah sekaligus memberikan peluang. kesempatan dan tantangan sebagai laban alternatif investasi selain sistem perbankan nasional. Namun demikian, kegiatan investasi di pasar modal menuntut calon investor dalam beberapa hal, misalnya: kepemilikan dana yang memadai, kemampuan anaUsis serta kesediaan waktu. Kenyataannya adalab babwa tidak semua calon investor dapat memenubi kriteria tersebut, sebingga memunculkan kendalan bagi calon investor untuk masuk ke dalam laban investasi pasar modal. Setiap calon investor tentunya menginginkan adanya pertumbuban aset yang dimiliki dan pertumbuhan sset tersebut dapat ditempuh melalui cara yakni investasi. Sebelum melakukan investasi, secara umum, barus dipahami terlebih dahulu bahwa kegiatan investasi memberikan peluang bagi seorang investor untuk memperoleb imbalan (return), namun di sisi lain kegiatan ini juga mengandung ancaman berupa resiko investasi, sebingga kegiatan investasi merupakan tantangan bagi investor untuk mengatur, mengelola dan mengembangkan asetnya. Namun, kegiamn investasi secara total di pasar modal bukanlab bal yang mudab dilakukan., mengingat keterbatasan-kete.'batasan investor tersebut diatas, apalagi bagi investor pemula, babkan hal ini dapat sangat beresiko. Pada umumnya, kendala yang dihadapi oleh calon investor di pasar modal antara lain adalab keterbatasan dana yang akan diinvestasikan, keterbatasan waktu luang, dan ketidakmampuan dalam anaUsis pasar modal. Dengan semua kendala tersebut, tentu saja kecil sekali peluang dan kemungkinan bagi calon investor untuk memperoleb basil yang optimal dari nilai in~'estsainya. Namun demikian, setiap calon investor masib memiliki peluang untuk turut berinvestasi di paSar modal karena instrumen Reksa Dana telab disiapkan untuk membantu investor berinvestasi pada pasar modal. Reksa Dana adalab p.'oduk pasar modal yang dapat membantu para calon investor, yang pada umumnya kurang pabam mengenai dunia pasar modal dan tidak mampu mengatasi kendala-kendala yang dihadapinya. Definisi sederbana dari Reksa Dana adalab tempat bagi para calon investor untuk mengumpulkan dana secara kolektif yang kemudian akan diinvestasikan dalam suatu portofolio investasi yang dikelola oleh manajel' investasi. Kegiatan investasi Reksa Dana tersebut meliputi berbagai instrumen surat berharga, misalnya: saham, obligasi ataupun instrumen pasar uang yakni surat hutang jangka pendek. Setiap calon investor akan memperoleh sertifikat Reksa Dana ~ebagai bukti kepemilikan investasi bagi investor. Produk Reksa Dana (RD) sendiri dibagi dalam empat jenis, yakni RD Pendapatan Tetap (fixed income), RD Saham (equity fund), RD Pasar lIang (11l01l~ market lund), dan RD Campuran (baiallce lund.). Pada RD fIXed illcome, investasi dilakukan pada berbagai surat berharga yang memberikan pendapatan tetap, misalnya Commercicli PClper (CP) dan obligasi. Sedang pada RD equity fund, investasinya adalah pada instrumen saham. Untuk RD motley market fund, investasinya adalab pada instrumen pasar uang seperti deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito dan surat utang jangka pendek. Pada RD balance lund, investasinya adalah pada variasi ketiga investasi RD di atas. Dengan demikian, diharapkan keberadaan Reksa Dana dapat membantu para calon investor, khususnya investor individual yang sebagian besar kurang pabam mengenai pasar modal untuk dapat melakukan investasi pada pasar modal sekaligus sebagai alternatif sarana investasi di luar sistem perbankan (tabungan dan atau deposito). Manfaat umum lainnya adalah turut meramaikan investasi pasar modal dan menciptakan pertumbuhan pasar modal nasional sebJlgai indikator pembangunan ekonomi

Selection of putative probiotics based on antigen-antibody cross-reaction with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio harveyi for use in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

Probiotics can be used to reduce disease outbreaks in aquaculture. Some of them are characterised by their antagonistic activity against pathogens or the stimulation of the fish immune response, including the production of specific antibodies. If a probiotic has common antigens with a determined pathogen, it could produce antibodies with a cross-reaction to that pathogen. Thus, a probiotic with these characteristics could be used in a similar way to a live vaccine. The aim of this study was to select bacteria with antigenic similarity and antagonistic activity against the pathogens Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio harveyi, and to determine their ability to stimulate the production of antibodies in sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) with crossreaction against these pathogens. Dot blot was used to detect strains with cross-reaction using sera immunized against P. damselae subsp. piscicida Lg41.01 and V. harveyi Lg16.00. A total of 138 strains were selected from 718 strains, based on the intensity of the dot blot reaction. A second selection was performed to detect their ability to inhibit the pathogens growth. Five strains inhibited the growth of P. damselae subsp. piscicida, four strains inhibited the growth of V. harveyi, while two strains inhibited both pathogens. A Western blot confirmed the cross-reactions of the selected strains with the pathogens. Selected strains were subsequently inoculated into sole specimens by intraperitoneal injection. Four strains produced antibodies with cross-reaction against the pathogens. None mortality was observed in the inoculated fish. Further research demonstrated the storage capability of the selected strains in saline solution and feed, their growth at low pH, and identified their enzymatic characteristics. In conclusion, the selected strains showed antimicrobial activity and capacity to activate a specific immune response against fish pathogens

The Role of Hadith in Promoting Mental Health: A Holistic Approach to Emotional Well-being and Resilience in Islam

The following research examines mental health in the light of Islamic principles with an emphasis of Hadith of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and its significance to today’s psychology. The research suggest, mental health should be treated in Islam from a multi-factor perspective, where spirituality, emotions, social interactions and others go hand in hand. Clearly Prophet Muhammad in his need to better understand human psychology provided tools such as Sabra, Tawakkul, Shukr and Ummah, which embody positive emotions and aim to cultivate healthy relationships within communities. Such tools can be very useful when integrated with existing mental illness treatment and policies. However, considering these teaching from Islamic perspective, the research also strives to tackle one of the major obstacles – Islamophobia and how such mistrust hampers the integration of faith-sensitive mental health framework. The interventional framework presented in the paper further recommends the integration of religious moral and psychological care for a more holistic approach to mental health and wellnes

Effect of the potential probiotic Vibrio proteolyticus DCF12.2 on the immune system of Solea senegalensis and protection against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio harveyi

Some of the characteristics of probiotics used in aquaculture are the antagonistic activity against pathogens and the activation of the immune response. Moreover, some probiotics with common antigens to pathogens can produce antibodies that react with these pathogens. One of those potential probiotics is Vibrio proteolyticus DCF12.2, a strain with the capacity to produce antibodies in soles (Solea senegalensis) that react with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio harveyi antigens. Therefore, the objective of the work was to determine the capacity of DCF12.2 to activate the immune response in the sole, providing protection against both pathogens. For this purpose, DCF12.2 was administered to cultured soles by intraperitoneal injection, bath, and diet. The DCF12.2 strain activated the gene expression related to the fish immune response and increased the antibody production with cross-reaction to P. damselae subsp. piscicida and V. harveyi cells. Challenges with P. damselae subsp. piscicida resulted in a 30–40% relative percent survival (RPS) through DCF12.2 treatments. After challenge with V. harveyi, only intraperitoneal treatment protected the fish (67% RPS). In conclusion, the DCF12.2 strain showed great potential to be used to prevent diseases caused by both pathogens, and indicates a way to use probiotics as live vaccines.Ministry of Science of Spain (Plan Nacional de Investigación, AGL2010-17789

Dietary Tryptophan Induces Opposite Health-Related Responses in the Senegalese Sole (Solea senegalensis) Reared at Low or High Stocking Densities With Implications in Disease Resistance

High rearing densities are typical conditions of both inland and onshore intensive aquaculture units. Despite obvious drawbacks, this strategy is nonetheless used to increase production profits. Such conditions inflict stress on fish, reducing their ability to cope with disease, bringing producers to adopt therapeutic strategies. In an attempt to overcome deleterious effects of chronic stress, Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, held at low (LD) or high density (HD) were fed tryptophan-supplemented diets with final tryptophan content at two (TRP2) or four times (TRP4) the requirement level, as well as a control and non-supplemented diet (CTRL) for 38 days. Fish were sampled at the end of the feeding trial for evaluation of their immune status, and mortalities were recorded following intra-peritoneal infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Blood was collected for analysis of the hematological profile and innate immune parameters in plasma. Pituitary and hypothalamus were sampled for the assessment of neuro-endocrine-related gene expression. During the feeding trial, fish fed TRP4 and held at LD conditions presented higher mortalities, whereas fish kept at HD seemed to benefit from this dietary treatment, as disease resistance increased over that of CTRL-fed fish. In accordance, cortisol level tended to be higher in fish fed both supplemented diets at LD compared to fish fed CTRL, but was lower in fish fed TRP4 than in those fed TRP2 under HD condition. Together with lower mRNA levels of proopiomelanocortin observed with both supplementation levels, these results suggest that higher levels of tryptophan might counteract stress-induced cortisol production, thereby rendering fish better prepared to cope with disease. Data regarding sole immune status showed no clear effects of tryptophan on leucocyte numbers, but TRP4-fed fish displayed inhibited alternative complement activity (ACH50) when held at LD, as opposed to their HD counterparts whose ACH50 was higher than that of CTRLfed fish. In conclusion, while dietary tryptophan supplementation might have harmful effects in control fish, it might prove to be a promising strategy to overcome chronic stress-induced disease susceptibility in farmed Senegalese sole

Detection of specific immune response in sole (Solea senegalensis) against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida antigens.

Política de acceso abierto tomada de: https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/11293The pathogenic bacteria Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida affects the development of Solea senegalensis culture. Vaccines made with inactivated cells have produced a relative protection against the sickness, however the administration of subcellular and purified antigens as vaccine could increase the effectiveness of the immune response. Thus, the aim of this work was the determination of antigens of P. damselae subsp. piscicida involved in the specific immune response of S. senegalensis. Fish were immunized by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) with inactivated extracellular polymeric substances (ECP) and whole cells of P. damselae subsp. piscicida, and Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Two months later fish were boosted with the same antigens. Serum from fish was collected to determine by ELISA the title of antibodies against subcellular fractions of bacteria (ECP, capsule, outer membrane proteins, O antigen and formalized whole cells). Significant differences were found between control and immunized fish, but differences between first immunization and booster were only found for O antigen and capsule. Western blots derived from 2D-PAGE of ECP and Outer Membrane Proteins (OMP), using sole immunized serum, detected two high reactive antigens from ECP. Proteins were identified, by mass spectrometry, as ATP-dependent metalloprotease and Telurite resistance proteins. In the case of OMP, three antigenic proteins were detected and identified as Nrfa Y218f, Anti-oxidant AhpC/TSA, and a protein domain DNA binding heat shock related