Inflation Targeting in Emerging Market Economies

This paper assesses inflation targeting in emerging market economies (EMEs), and develops applied prescriptions for the conduct of monetary policy and inflation-targeting design in EMEs. We verify that EMEs have faced more acute trade-offs higher output and inflation volatility and worse performance than developed economies. These results stem from more pronounced external shocks, lower credibility, and lower level of development of institutions in these countries. In order to improve their performance, we recommend high levels of transparency and communication with the public and the development of more stable institutions. At an operational level, we propose a procedure that a central bank under inflation targeting can apply and communicate when facing strong supply shocks, and suggest a monitoring structure for an inflation-targeting regime under an IMF program.

Inflation Targeting in Emerging Market Economies

This paper assesses inflation targeting in emerging market economies (EMEs), and develops applied prescriptions for the conduct of monetary policy and inflation-targeting design in EMEs. We verify that EMEs have faced more acute trade-offs - higher output and inflation volatility - and worse performance than developed economies. These results stem from more pronounced external shocks, lower credibility, and lower level of development of institutions in these countries. In order to improve their performance, we recommend high levels of transparency and communication with the public and the development of more stable institutions. At an operational level, we propose a procedure that a central bank under inflation targeting can apply and communicate when facing strong supply shocks, and suggest a monitoring structure for an inflation-targeting regime under an IMF program.

SISTEMA ELETTRONICO DI ACCENSIONE A BREAKDOWN PER MOTORI A.C.

PROGETTAZIONE E REALIZZAZIONE DI UN SISTEMA DI ACCENSIONE A BREAKDOWN PER MOTORI A.C., UTILIZZANDO UN DRIVER PER HALF BRIDGE A ALTA TENSIONE E UN MOLTIPLICATORE DI COCKCROFT E WALTON A 15 STADI A CAPACITA' SCALATE

Estudio computacional sobre la influencia del disolvente en la reacción de Menshutkin

La reacción de Menshutkin es una reacción que se produce entre una amina terciaria y un haluro de alquilo para dar una sal de amonio y el haluro correspondiente mediante un mecanismo de sustitución nucleófila SN2. Esta reacción fue por primera vez descrita por Nikolai Menshutkin, en 1890. En este trabajo de Fin de Grado se ha realizado un estudio teórico sobre esta reacción centrado en los efectos del disolvente. En particular, estudiamos la reacción entre la amina más sencilla, el amoniaco (NH3), y haluros de metilo (CH3X, X=F, Cl, Br, I). La metodología teórica se basó en la Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad (DFT). La simulación del disolvente se realizó a través de métodos implícitos de continuo. Los resultados obtenidos en fase gas predicen, como era de esperar, que la reacción presenta una gran endergonicidad. A continuación, estudiamos los efectos producidos por tres tipos de disolvente (de menor a mayor polaridad): n-hexano, metanol y agua. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la barrera de transición disminuye con la polaridad del disolvente mientras que la estabilidad de los productos de reacción aumenta en el mismo sentido. Este resultado es lógico teniendo en cuenta la separación de carga producida a lo largo de la coordenada de reacción. El aumento de la velocidad de reacción con la polaridad del disolvente es, de hecho, un efecto bien conocido experimentalmente de la reacción de Menshutkin. Asimismo, podemos predecir que con disolventes poco polares el par iónico es el producto de reacción favorecido. Sin embargo, hemos visto también que los resultados obtenidos en este estudio no son aún cuantitativos y que existen algunas diferencias importantes entre las predicciones que hemos realizado y resultados previos tanto experimentales como teóricos. Las posibles causas que explican estas diferencias se discuten en este trabajo.Grado en Químic

Energy Supply for ATP-Synthase Deficient Chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardii

The mutant F54 of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii is not able to perform photophos-phorylation. Nevertheless, it grows on acetate and the chloroplasts accomplish most of their energy-requiring synthetic processes. However, no light-dependent chloroplast protein synthesis could be detected in intact F54 chloroplasts isolated from a cell wall-deficient double mutant F54-cw-15. Exogenous ATP was not able to induce this in organello protein synthesis to an appreciable degree. In contrast, the strictly ATP-dependent protein synthesis was stimulated very efficiently by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, dihydroxy-acetone phosphate and glycerol-3-phosphate, but strongly inhibited by 3-phosphoglycerate. These compounds can be transported across the envelope membrane by the triose phosphate translocator. Pyridoxal phosphate, a specific inhibitor of the translocator, abolished the stimulation by triose phosphates. Spermidine, which activates initiation of translation in chloroplasts, enhanced triose phosphate-stimulated protein synthesis even further. In the dark, no stimulation was observed, indicating that a light-dependent reaction was also involved in this kind of ATP production in chloroplasts. The results suggest that chloroplasts defective in photophosphorylation recruit their energy via an ATP shuttle which was shown in this study to import rather than export ATP across the chloroplast envelop

Inflation targeting in emerging market economies

노트 : Volume Title: NBER macroeconomics annual 2003, volume 18Title: Inflation targeting in emerging market economie

Exchange rate regimes

노트 : - Volume Title: Economic and financial crises in emerging market economies- Title: Exchange rate regime