The optimal form of the scanning near-field optical microscopy probe

A theoretical approach to determine the optimal form of the near-field optical microscope probe is proposed. An analytical expression of the optimal probe form with subwavelength aperture has been obtained. The advantages of the probe with the optimal form are illustrated using numerical calculations. The conducted calculations show 10 times greater light throughput and the reception possibility of the more compactly localized light at the output probe aperture which could indicate better spatial resolution of the optical images in near-field optical technique using optimal probe.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Arithmetic complexity via effective names for random sequences

We investigate enumerability properties for classes of sets which permit recursive, lexicographically increasing approximations, or left-r.e. sets. In addition to pinpointing the complexity of left-r.e. Martin-L\"{o}f, computably, Schnorr, and Kurtz random sets, weakly 1-generics and their complementary classes, we find that there exist characterizations of the third and fourth levels of the arithmetic hierarchy purely in terms of these notions. More generally, there exists an equivalence between arithmetic complexity and existence of numberings for classes of left-r.e. sets with shift-persistent elements. While some classes (such as Martin-L\"{o}f randoms and Kurtz non-randoms) have left-r.e. numberings, there is no canonical, or acceptable, left-r.e. numbering for any class of left-r.e. randoms. Finally, we note some fundamental differences between left-r.e. numberings for sets and reals

Structural Phase Transition in CdSb + 3 % MnSb Composite at a High Hydrostatic Pressure

In CdSb + 3 % MnSb composite, structural properties have been studied, specific resistance ρ and Hall coefficient RH are measured at a high hydrostatic pressure of up to P ≤ 9 GPa. An irreversible structural phase transition is found at barometric dependencies p(P) and RH(P). From our experimental data, barometric dependencies of carrier concentration and their mobility are calculated. On the basis of the heterophase structure – effective medium model, characteristic points and parameters of the phase transition, and also dynamics of variation of the initial phase volume C1 as a function of pressure are computed. The latter dependence is in agreement with the investigation results of Raman scattering before and after application of pressure

Mammal fauna during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in the far northeast of Europe

The paper summarises materials on the mammal remains in northeastern Europe, dated by radiocarbon. Altogether, 23 local faunas of small mammals and 47 local faunas of large mammals were analysed. Multidimensional statistical analysis shows a strong correlation between changes in small mammal fauna composition and climate changes throughout time. The correlations with the spatial gradients, however, are less pronounced. The faunas are classified into three groups: (1) faunas of Holocene age; (2) Late Pleistocene ‘stadial’ assemblages; and (3) Late Pleistocene ‘interstadial’ assemblages. In some cases, changes in species abundance are better understood in terms of biotic interrelations rather than of climatic effects. The most pronounced change in small mammal fauna composition and structure occurred at the Preboreal/Boreal boundary, and a less conspicuous alteration took place at the LGM/Lateglacial transition. The most noticeable transformation in the large mammal fauna composition is dated to the early Holocene. Less significant changes are observed at the Middle Weichselian/LGM transition and at the LGM/Lateglacial transition. It is safely concluded that variations in the faunas of small and large mammals recorded in NE Europe during the last 35 000 years occurred synchronously and unidirectionally.

Pressure and temperature dependences in p-ZnAs2 at high pressures

Kinetic effects in p-ZnAs2 were measured at hydrostatic (P ≤ 9 GPa) and quasi-hydrostatic (to P ≤ 50 GPa) pressures on pressure buildup and depressurization. A conclusion on the occurrence of two phase transitions was made: I-II at P = 9-15 GPa and II-III at P = 30-35 GPa. Based on the temperature dependences of electrical resistance, it was shown that the conductivity is determined by activation mechanisms in a temperature range of 250-400 K; in this case, the activation energy changed with temperature and pressure. The pressure dependences of the activation energy and the coefficient R 0, which characterizes the mobility, concentration, and effective mass of carriers, were calculated. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL LAW IN RUSSIA

Abstract. Health care as a set of measures of a political, socio-economic, scientific, medical and legal nature is aimed at preserving, maintaining and improving the health of each person, providing highly qualified and specialized therapeutic and preventive care. The article is devoted to the history of the development of medical law in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. Scientific research is based on the materials recorded in the domestic and foreign legislative and doctrinal sources. When writing this paper, we used general scientific methods and private scientific (special) methods. We emphasized the importance of progressive development of the legislation in the field of healthcare during the Soviet period of historical development. We noted the influence of changes in the public and political life of the state on the legal doctrine and legislation. We substantiated the establishment of medical law as an independent branch of Russian law with regard to the formation of the World Health Organization as a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946. We confirmed that many special laws were adopted in the field of health care in Russia due to the multifaceted political and socio-economic changes in the society as a whole, as well as the need for Russia's integration into the world community in the 1990s of the 20th century. We indicated that the acceleration in theformation of modern regulatory framework was put by the law enforcement practice with regard to an increase in the number of civil lawsuits for injury to health when seeking medical assistance, as well as improvement of the legal literacy of the population in the provision of medical services. We described the current state of Russian legislation in the field of health care and public health, consisting of a whole complex of the regulatory legal acts (federal laws (general and special), laws of the constituent entities of Russia and secondary legislation) determining the state policy in the field of health care and public health.Key words: medical law, health care, history, public health, medical assistance, legislation, the state