The Scholar and the Pub Crawler: Revisiting the Debate between Ricoeur and Gadamer

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Analytical Study on Egyptian Inheritance Law Reform (Faraidh)

The decline of Muslims became the background for the birth of reform ideas. This can be seen with the birth of various figures who are aggressively voicing reforms in various fields, such as politics, education and law. History has recorded names such as Jamaluddin al-Afgani with Pan-Islamism, Muhammad Abduh with education reform, and Rasyid Ridho with the idea of legal dynamics. Which in turn has an impact on the modernization of the writing and learning system of Islamic law and the laying of Islamic law in state legislation. Islamic law, especially inheritance law, is practiced by Muslims in Indonesia on the basis of personal awareness and encouragement of faith and obedience to Islam. This law uses the main sources of the Qur'an and Hadith, which are complemented by Ijtihad and qiyas carried out by scholars and judges. The history of Islamic law reform cannot be separated from the dialectic of evolution that occurred from time to time, geographical scope and conditions. The main model of this movement is in the spirit of spreading and implementing Islamic law which emphasizes progressive efforts in the legal field with the spirit of reform. The spirit of renewal through the idea of reforming Islamic law, especially in the field of family law, occurred in the middle of the second decade of the 20th century in Turkey. This enthusiasm continued to give birth to brilliant ideas in the progress of law formation, one of which was followed by the birth of a mandatory will on the application of inheritance law issues in Egypt in order to meet the state's needs for the codification of family law regulations

Diseño e implementación de un sistema electrónico de alarma e inmovilización vehicular controlado por un teléfono inteligente con comunicación Bluetooth

This project of Electrical-Electronic Engineering in Telecommunications consists in the implementation of an electronic alarm and vehicle immobilizer technologically innovative because it employs Bluetooth technology and the use of smartphone. The purpose of this work lies in the replacement of the radio frequency device "traditional Remote Control" for an application installed on the smartphone of the vehicle´s owner. This thesis was developed in three segments. The creation of an intuitive and invulnerable smartphone application; the establishing of an autonomous and indecipherable Bluetooth connection between the smartphone and the microcontroller; and, the implementation of a microcontroller and an electronic circuit that is multitasking, low power consuming, compact and resistant to climatic factors. Once completed the process described above, the results are integrated to check if the objectives set at the beginning of this research were achieved with satisfaction. The hardware and software used in this thesis were: Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 IDE, the Samsung i637 smartphone with Windows Mobile 6.5, the RN-41 Bluetooth module, the ATMEGA8 microcontroller, the compiler Bascom, Proteus simulator and a professional electronic circuit.Este proyecto de Ingeniería Eléctrica Electrónica en Telecomunicaciones consiste en la implementación de un sistema electrónico de alarma e inmovilización vehicular tecnológicamente innovador ya que emplea tecnología Bluetooth y el uso de smartphone. El propósito de este trabajo reside en la sustitución del dispositivo de radiofrecuencia “Control Remoto tradicional” por una aplicación instalada en el smartphone del dueño del vehículo. Esta tesis se desarrolló en tres segmentos. La creación de una aplicación smartphone intuitiva e invulnerable; el establecimiento de una conexión Bluetooth autónoma e indescifrable entre el smartphone y el microcontrolador; y, la implementación de un microcontrolador y un circuito electrónico que sea multitarea, de bajo consumo eléctrico, compacto y resistente a factores climáticos. Una vez concluido el proceso anteriormente descrito, los resultados se integran para verificar si los objetivos planteados al inicio de esta investigación fueron alcanzados con satisfacción. El hardware y software utilizados en esta tesis fueron: el IDE Microsoft Visual Studio 2008, el smartphone Samsung i637 con Windows Mobile 6.5, el módulo Bluetooth RN-41, el microcontrolador ATMEGA8, el compilador Bascom, el simulador Proteus y un circuito electrónico profesional

Trivalent live attenuated influenza-simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines: efficacy and evolution of cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape in macaques.

There is an urgent need for a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine that induces robust mucosal immunity. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) apply substantial antiviral pressure, but CTLs to individual epitopes select for immune escape variants in both HIV in humans and SIV in macaques. Inducing multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTLs may assist in controlling viremia. We vaccinated 10 Mane-A1*08401+ female pigtail macaques with recombinant influenza viruses expressing three Mane-A1*08401-restricted SIV-specific CTL epitopes and subsequently challenged the animals, along with five controls, intravaginally with SIVmac251. Seroconversion to the influenza virus vector resulted and small, but detectable, SIV-specific CTL responses were induced. There was a boost in CTL responses after challenge but no protection from high-level viremia or CD4 depletion was observed. All three CTL epitopes underwent a coordinated pattern of immune escape during early SIV infection. CTL escape was more rapid in the vaccinees than in the controls at the more dominant CTL epitopes. Although CTL escape can incur a &quot;fitness&quot; cost to the virus, a putative compensatory mutation 20 amino acids upstream from an immunodominant Gag CTL epitope also evolved soon after the primary CTL escape mutation. We conclude that vaccines based only on CTL epitopes will likely be undermined by rapid evolution of both CTL escape and compensatory mutations. More potent and possibly broader immune responses may be required to protect pigtail macaques from SIV. <br /

HIV-infected T cells are migratory vehicles for viral dissemination

After host entry through mucosal surfaces, HIV-1 disseminates to lymphoid tissues to establish a generalized infection of the immune system. The mechanisms by which this virus spreads among permissive target cells locally during early stages of transmission, and systemically during subsequent dissemination are not known1. In vitro studies suggest that formation of virological synapses (VSs) during stable contacts between infected and uninfected T cells greatly increases the efficiency of viral transfer2. It is unclear, however, if T cell contacts are sufficiently stable in vivo to allow for functional synapse formation under the conditions of perpetual cell motility in epithelial3 and lymphoid tissues4. Here, using multiphoton intravital microscopy (MP-IVM), we examined the dynamic behavior of HIV-infected T cells in lymph nodes (LNs) of humanized mice. We found that most productively infected T cells migrated robustly, resulting in their even distribution throughout the LN cortex. A subset of infected cells formed multinucleated syncytia through HIV envelope (Env)-dependent cell fusion. Both uncoordinated motility of syncytia as well as adhesion to CD4+ LN cells led to the formation of long membrane tethers, increasing cell lengths to up to 10 times that of migrating uninfected T cells. Blocking the egress of migratory T cells from LNs into efferent lymph, and thus interrupting T cell recirculation, limited HIV dissemination and strongly reduced plasma viremia. Thus, we have found that HIV-infected T cells are motile, form syncytia, and establish tethering interactions that may facilitate cell-to-cell transmission through VSs. While their migration in LNs spreads infection locally, T cell recirculation through tissues is important for efficient systemic viral spread, suggesting new molecular targets to antagonize HIV infection