Antiferroelectric ADP doping in ferroelectric TGS crystals

Crystal growth, morphology, hysteresis and dielectric measurements on 20 mol% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)doped triglycine sulphate (TGS) crystals are reported. Crystals grew with morphology similar to phosphoric acid-doped TGS (TGSP). Inhomogeneous incorporation of dopants gives rise to a distribution in coercive fields in the different growth sectors. The incorporated dopant hinders polarization switching, which results in the increase in coercive field. No internal bias field is created by the dopant and the phase transition observed is similar to pure TGSP. The Curie point shifts to a lower temperature with increasing dopant concentration in the growth sectors. Significant changes in the activation energies of annealed specimen were identified.Universidade do Minho. Instituto de Materiais(IMAT)

Dielectric relaxation in pure and irradiated TGSP crystals

Low frequency dielectric measurements in triglycine sulpho-phosphate (TGSP) and gamma-irradiated TGSP crystals were carried out around the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition. The dispersion found in the ferroelectric phase cannot be explained only by a Debye equation with a single relaxation time. The ratio of the Curie constants in the para- and ferroelectric phase (C-p/C-f) for the irradiated TGSP samples show that the crystal is partially clamped. The deviations from the typical single relaxation behaviour are more pronounced in irradiated samples clearly indicating the contribution of defects in addition to the impurities to the dynamics of the syste

Food Eating Habits in Tamil Literature

Food is essential for human survival. Without food, life cannot exist. That is why the Purananooru says that those who gave food were the givers of life

Performance Of Full-Duplex One-Way And Two-Way Cooperative Relaying Networks

The wireless research requires concurrent transmission and reception in a single time/frequency channel with good spectral efficiency. The Full duplex system is the alternate for the conventional half duplex systems. An investigation on the need for a full duplex two way (FD-TWR) and one way relaying (FD-OWR) to improve the performance of outage probability and average rate employing amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) protocol is considered. Further the relaying systems performance under the network coding schemes is taken into consideration. The outage probability and average rate of FD-TWR and FD-OWR using a physical layer network coding was performed. In contrast to “straightforward” network coding which performs arithmetic function on digital bit streams after information have been received. The result shows the DF protocol achieves better outage probability and average rate, when compared to the AF protocol. And comparing the full duplex schemes like FD-TWR and FD-OWR, it is found that the FD-TWR achieves better outage probability and average rate, when compared to the FD-OWR. The performance was extended with different loop interference among the relay antennas. The performance show that FD-TWR performs well even in spite of loop interference.

A Randomized Double Blind Prospective Study Comparision between Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl on Intubation Conditions during Awake Fibroptic Bronchoscopic Intubation

BACKGROUND: Awakefibroptic intubation (AFOI) is indicated in patients with anticipated difficult airway. It is important to prepare patients which include psychological preparation, antisialogogue administration, anaesthetising the upper airway to blunt the airway reflexes, adequate sedation, anxiolysis while preserving airway patency and spontaneous breathing. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl for favourable intubation condition during awakefibroptic bronchoscopy based on Cough score, Post-intubation score, Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure. METHODOLOGY: A total number of 60 patients belonging to ASA I and II were chosen. They were divided randomly into two groups. Group A patients: Inj. Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride 1 mcg / kg infused over 10 min. Group B patients: Inj. Fentanyl citrate 2 mcg/kg infused over 10 min. Sedation was assessed using Ramsay sedation score. After achieving the ramsay sedation score more than 2, flexible fibroptic bronchoscopy guided tracheal intubation with appropriate sized endotracheal tube was done. Intubation conditions was evaluated by cough score and Post intubation score. Hemodynamic parameters such as Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure,spo2 were measured at baseline and at intervals of 5 min,10 min, intubation and post-intubation 5 min were noted. Surgery proceeded with maintenance of anaesthesia. RESULTS: Patients in dexmedetomidine shows a significant difference in better tolerance of endotracheal tube than fentanyl group. Patients in dexmedetomidine group showed a significant hemodynamic stability than fentanyl group. CONCLUSION: From the above study it is concluded that dexmedetomidine provides favourable intubating conditions infibroptic bronchoscope guided intubation had better hemodynamic conditions and adequate sedation than fentanyl without desaturation

Haematinic activity of Puli Ilai Chooranam (Tamarindus indica (L) and Hepatoprotective activity of Chara Parpam.

The herbo mineral preparation Chara parpam was prepared as per the classical way. This drug was subjected to various studies. Chara parpam was selected for this study to establish the protection and efficacy of its Hepatoprotective activity on Kamalai. I was collected the information about the drug, various text books, Literature was referred. From them, the author came to an idea about the drug and its efficacy on Kalleral noi a brief description about modern aspect and Siddha aspect of the mineral Charam and Vediyuppu its identifying characters and Physico – chemical data’s were given. The Physico – chemical analysis shows the precence of Sulphate, chloride, iron, calcium, pottasium. These elements are useful in many metabolic functions of our body. Acute and Subacute toxicological studies show strong evidence of the nontoxic-effect of the Chara parpam. The results showed Chara parpam is safe and explained the extensive utilization of the Siddha medicine. The pharmacological analysis showed that the drug has got significant Hepatoprotective Efficacy. In clinical study, the drug has showed improvement in 60% of cases. The patients were responding well from the beginning of the treatment and no adverse effects were reported. This present study suggests that Chara parpam has remarkable medicinal value against the disease Kalleral noi. CONCLUSION: Chara parpam is a distinctive type medicine, which is made up by a special type of preparation method mentioned in Pathartha guna vilakkam written by S.Kannusami pillai. Literature survey, Physico chemical anatysis, Chemical analysis, was showed the efficacy of charam related to Liver diseases. Juice of Justicia adathoda is also having the traditional usage in treatement of liver diseases. The finding of the pre clinical study suggests that effective role of Chara parpam on liver disease with fatty infiltration of liver with inflammation and hepatic necrosis to cirrhosis. Chara parpam had remarkable effect on lipid with complete reduction in the lipid factors in the liver and its related enzymes. The metalloid drug could play similar role as extracellular calcium and it could evidence effective hepatoprotective drug. Significant efficacy of the drug its human dose prescribed in the siddha literature evidences only therapeutic efficacy rather preventive role. It may be suggested as a drug to fatty liver which finds negligence cure in modern medicine. This can be a definite alternative drug to modern allopathic drug in liver disease. The study reveals the possible mechanism of action on lipid lowering effect with potential anti oxidative role. In clinical trials, the drug shows the significant improvement of 60% in Hepato cellular diseases. Thus the innovative siddha science based Chara parpam had been proved by the modern scientific mechanism as a simple remedy to the complicated metabolic disorder in modern period

A Cross Sectional Study on the Health Seeking Behaviour of Women with Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the Reproductive Age Group in Chennai, March & April 2004.

INTRODUCTION: Sexually Transmitted Diseases cause considerable morbidity, particularly in relation to the reproductive Health of women. It is associated with increased transmission of HIV. Many STDs like syphilis and Gonorrhoea are treatable. Yet millions of cases are left untreated, leading to continued transmission and serious sequelae. Hence the control of sexually transmitted diseases is recognized as a global priority. Biological differences between women and men along with gender differences in social behaviour, Work to the disadvantage of women. This is best illustrated in the case of sexually transmitted diseases. Women are biologically more susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases than men. Also, women are More likely to be asymptomatic and therefore less likely to seek treatment. Women may not recognize the symptoms of a health problem, or may not consider it serious enough To seek medical help. Further, even where symptoms are recognized, decisions about where, when and How to seek help and/or treatment will depend upon cultural and social circumstances. More commonly , Indian women do not perceive themselves as entitled to invest in their well-being. “Health seeking” is a dynamic process. Factors like recognition of symptoms, decision making, Medical encounter, evaluation of outcomes, re-interpretation of illness are sequentially organised During an illness and hence determine the course of therapy. The factors influencing decision making are multiple and range from socially sanctioned gender roles, influence of peer pressure to deliberations about economic benefits. This reveals how complex health seeking behaviour in reality is. The accessibility of treatment services and the availability of multiple sources of care clearly play a Role in attracting people with or at risk of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. However, social stigma Associated with STDs will have a major influence on the pattern of presentation of the patients to the various health care providers. The quality of care as well as the affordability impose further restrictions on their treatment seeking behaviour. In order to increase the proportion of people with sexually transmitted diseases seeking counselling and Treatment, programme planners need to know more about the factors that influence health seeking behaviour in relation to sexually transmitted diseases. OBJECTIVES : 1. To study the pattern of health care seeking behaviour of women with Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the reproductive age group (15 - 49 yrs), attending the STD Outpatient Department at Government General Hospital, Chennai. 2. To assess their knowledge on the spread and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS. 3. To assess the knowledge and attitude regarding condom use in these women and its practice by their partners. JUSTIFICATION : The prevalence rate of STI in the Indian urban population ranges from 1.2% to 10% and in rural population about 7% (UNAIDS, 2000). Sexually transmitted diseases cause considerable morbidity, particularly in relation to the reproductive health of women, and are also associated with increased transmission of HIV. Studies show that people with current or past STDs are 2-9 times more likely to get infected with HIV. The lesions caused by untreated ulcerative STDs such as herpes, syphilis and chancroid provide an easy entry for HIV (UNAIDS, 2000). Women and men do not have equal access to and control over resources such as money, transport and time. Because the decision-making power within the family is unequal, with men enjoying privileges that women are denied, women’s access to health services is restricted. They may be allowed to decide on seeking medical care for their children, but may need the permission of their husbands or elders within the family to seek health care for themselves. The stigma attached to visiting an STD clinic further discourages women from seeking treatment. Delays in seeking and obtaining diagnosis and treatment can allow for continued transmission and greater probability of adverse sequelae. An understanding of health seeking behaviour would help assist programme planners in the development of more accessible and effective services. Such knowledge is therefore important if STD control programmes are to be effective

Focused Counseling and Adequate Utilization of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Services: Its Impact on Maternal and Infant Morbidity

Tamil Nadu has a good public health care delivery system in place making health care accessible to all. The people of Chennai have a wide access to primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health care. The proportion of antenatal women who register and receive care in the first twelve weeks of gestation is high (90%) in Chennai. But only two-thirds of them receive full antenatal care and only half of them seek care during illness. There is an obvious gap between availability of maternal and child health services and optimal utilization of these services by the mothers and babies who need it, which may influence the well being of the mother and baby. Hence this research was taken up to examine whether focused counseling of the antenatal woman and her family members would improve utilization of maternal and child health services and in turn reduce maternal and infant morbidity. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the influence of focused counseling of the mother, spouse and other family members on adequate utilization of recommended maternal and child health services. 2. To study the influence of focused counseling of the mother, spouse and other family members on maternal and infant morbidity. 3. To evaluate the impact of ensuring adequate utilization of recommended maternal and child health services on maternal and infant morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A non randomized controlled trial was carried out, with women in the intervention group receiving focused counseling in addition to routine care and women in the control group receiving routine care alone. The study participants were antenatal women who had registered within first 12 weeks of gestation in the designated health centers in Chennai. The women in the intervention group were given four counseling sessions during pregnancy and four counseling sessions following delivery. Information on adequate utilization of recommended maternal and child health services, delivery outcomes, breastfeeding practices, maternal and infant morbidity patterns were collected and entered in the tool developed for the study. Information was also collected from the women in the control group during specified times during pregnancy and following delivery and entered in the study tool. One hundred and fifty women each in the intervention and control group were followed up during antenatal, postnatal and up to 6 months following delivery. Their babies were followed up from birth to six months of infancy. The study was carried out between the period of April 2013 and October 2014. SUMMARY: • The characteristics of the participants in the intervention and control groups were similar at the start of the study. UTILIZATION OF SERVICES: • The women in the intervention group, who were given focused counseling, showed a statistically significant greater utilization of recommended maternal and child health services compared to the control group. • Clinical examination, blood pressure recording and weight recording were done in 99% of recommended visits in both groups and all antenatal women were given injection Tetanus toxoid as per the schedule. • Laboratory investigations at recommended visits were found lacking in both study groups, but it was found more lacking in the control group. Hemoglobin estimation was done in 66% of recommended visits in the intervention group whereas in the control it was done in only 54% of visits. Urine analysis for albumin and sugar was done in less than fifty percent of the visits in both the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, blood sugar estimation was done in 50% of the visits, whereas in the control group it was carried out in only 35% of the visits. • About three fourths of the antenatal women in the intervention group had received more than 90 tablets of IFA in comparison to only two third of the antenatal women in the control group. WEIGHT GAIN & HEMOGLOBIN STATUS: • The mean weight gain of antenatal women in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of antenatal women in the control group. • The antenatal women in the intervention group had a significant increase in the mean hemoglobin values at the end of pregnancy. But in the control group there was a decrease in the mean hemoglobin values which was found to be statistically significant. • Among women who were not anaemic at the beginning of pregnancy, the proportion of women who continued to remain not anaemic at the end of pregnancy was 86.2% in the intervention group as compared to 62.8% in the control group. This shows that 23% more women continued to remain not anaemic in the intervention group compared to the control group at the end of pregnancy. • Among women who received 90+ tablets of IFA, women in the intervention group were significantly more likely to consume more than 90 tablets of IFA compared to the women in the control group. • Consumption of more than 90 tablets of IFA did not produce a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin levels in either of the two groups. OUTCOME OF PREGNANCY: • Five women in the intervention group and four women in the control group had abortions. All other women had live births. All mothers in the intervention and control groups had institutional deliveries. • There mean birth weight of babies was similar in the two groups. There were more preterm babies in the control group. • Combined analysis of the two groups showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between body mass index, pre pregnancy weight of the mother, weight gain during pregnancy, IFA consumption and birth weight. But the correlation was weak. • Regression analysis revealed 11.9% of variance in birth weight which was found to be statistically significant. Pre pregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy and number of IFA tablets consumed were significant individual predictors of birth weight. POSTNATAL OUTCOMES: • Acceptors of tubectomy were higher in the intervention group and IUD acceptors were more in the control group. • Awareness on early initiation and duration of exclusive breast feeding was high in both groups. More than 80% of the mothers in both the study groups had initiated breast feeding within one hour of delivery. The mean duration of exclusive breast feeding was also more than 5 months among the intervention and control group. There was a statistically significant correlation between utilization of MCH services and duration of exclusive breast feeding. But the correlation was weak. MATERNAL AND INFANT MORBIDITY: • The number of women with at least one maternal morbidity was similar between the intervention and control groups. • High blood pressure and gestational diabetes mellitus was found to be more in the intervention group in the antenatal period. • The number of maternal morbidities in the intranatal period was similar between the two groups. But path analysis using Structural Equation Modeling showed that there is a statistically significant path of counseling having an influence on utilization of MCH services which in turn has an influence on reducing intranatal morbidity. • Incidence of sepsis was found to be higher in the control group in the postnatal period. • Neonatal morbidities were similar between the two groups. In the postneonatal period infections (esp ARI) were found to be comparatively much higher in the control group than in the intervention group. • There were no maternal deaths or still births. There was one neonatal death each in the intervention and control group. LIMITATIONS: • Women were given focused counseling, but no services were provided by the investigator. • The views of the health care providers for assessment and improving utilization of services were not obtained. • The study assessed utilization of services availed from the public health facilities only. Information of services availed from the private sector was not fully obtained. • Pre-post counseling assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices pertaining to maternal and child health was beyond the scope of the study. CONCLUSION: Tamil Nadu is one of the better performing states in maternal and child health indicators in India. The state has invested in the health care delivery system to provide accessible quality service to its people. The desired results can be achieved when people make adequate use of these services. The antenatal visits should be utilized to provide them with recommended maternal and child health services and counseling. Professionally qualified counselors should be engaged to provide supportive counseling to suit the needs of individual women and their families. This would help them to adopt measures to improve the health status of the mother and the infant

Study of Bone Density in Menopausal and Perimenopausal Women

INTRODUCTION: Improved healthcare services and socio economic growth has lead to increase in the life expectancy at birth and the number of elderly persons in our country. This has posed a new challenge to the health needs and care of elderly men and women. The menopause is that point in time when permanent cessation of menstruation occurs following the loss of ovarian activity. The years prior to menopause that encompass the change from normal ovulatory cycles to cessation of menses are known as the perimenopausal transitional years, which is marked by irregularity of menstrual cycles. Epidemiological studies have shown that during this phase women are at increased risk for arterial diseases, prone to urogenital problems and osteoporosis. Of these, osteoporosis is the most common consequence of menopause and currently is considered a major public health concern. Osteoporosis and its associated risk of fractures are preventable if diagnosed in time. Half of all the post menopausal women will have an osteoporosis related fracture during their lives including one quarter who will develop a vertebral deformity and 15% who will suffer a hip fracture. As early as 1975 it was acknowledged that bone density measurements were related to future fracture risk. In the 1990’s, the magnitude of this risk in relation to the age and bone density was carefully measured in several well designed longitudnal studies. Several techniques exists for measuring bone mass or density. Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) is a newer evolving promising technique which is finding increasing application. Retrospective and prospective studies have shown that QUS may be an alternative or complementary investigation to Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). QUS has been used in this study as a screening tool as it is inexpensive relatively portable and free of ionizing radiation. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess the level of osteoporosis in perimenopausal and menopausal Women. 2. To screen the post-menopausal women having either natural or surgical menopause who are at high risk to have fractures. 3. To analyze the role of risk factor in identifying high risk women. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study has been conducted taking 98 perimenopausal and 112 postmenopausal women in age group from 40 and above between the period of Jan’04 to Aug ’05. The study was conducted at Kilpauk Medical College, Kilpauk, Chennai Study Design: Randomized prospective study. Inclusion Criteria: Perimenopausal women age ≥ 40 yrs. Post menopausal women who had experienced surgical/natural menopause irrespective of age. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Women with preexisting atraumatic fracture. 2. Patients with secondary osteoporosis. 3. Women with chronic illness. 4. Women with current use of thyroid hormones or any other drug that might affect bone mass like diuretics, anticonvulsants, barbiturates. SUMMARY: • 98 perimenopausal women and 112 post menopausal women from age group 40 years and above were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. • The mean age of the study group was 52.72 years. • 11.42 % of the study population had undergone surgical menopause. • The mean age of the women who had undergone surgical menopause was 48.83 years and 59.76 years was the mean age of the study group who had experienced natural menopause. • 81% of the population were from urban area and 53% of the study population had no formal education. • 29% of the study group had a BMI less than 25. • Bone density was measured in the right heel using Achilles Lunar Calcaneal Ultrasound. • The results were interpreted using T-Score and Z-Score criteria for osteopenia and Osteoporosis. • A body mass index less than 25, family history of fracture, lack of physical exercise, high caffeine intake, low calcium intake were associated with osteoporosis and the association was found to be statistically significant for each of the above risk factors. • In the perimenopausal women, 21% had osteopenia and 8% had osteoporosis. • In the menopausal women, 44% had osteopenia and 14% had osteoporosis. • In the women who had undergone surgical menopause, 54% had osteopenia and 21% had osteoporosis. • 76% of the study group had a normal bone density when compared to mean bone density for persons of the same age and 24% had low bone density. CONCLUSION: By its nature osteoporosis progresses silently for years without symptoms and is therefore a “silent bone thinning disease” without symptoms. The bone is a mineral bank whose assets must be built up, maintained and protected. The development of lifelong habits of nutrition and weight bearing exercise, avoidance of risk factors that promote the development of osteoporosis and timely management to decrease the withdrawal of bone from the bank are necessary to protect these vital assets from the silent thief osteoporosis. Bone densitometry has well established usefulness in assessing osteoporosis and fracture risk. Although DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) is the Gold Standard test in the diagonosis of osteoporosis, DEXA has the following disadvantages. • The equipment is costly and is not portable. • The procedure involves radiation exposure. • It is available only in specialist institution. • It requires time and operator skill. The cost of DEXA precludes its use for screening purposes, especially in developing countries like India where maternal and child health programs receive major chunks in funds from health budget and financial support to programs for geriatric health problems may be negligible. This is a small clinical trial to study the bone mass of perimenopausal and menopausal women and to diagnose the level of osteoporosis in the community. Calcaneal ultrasound is newer evolving promising tool to assess bone density as it is precise, noninvasive, quick and cost effective

Clinicopathological study on multinodular goitre

INTRODUCTION: MULTINODULAR GOITER describes an enlarged, diffusely heterogeneous thyroid gland. Initial presentation may include diffuse enlargement, but the mass often develops asymmetrical nodularity. The cause of this mass is usually iodine deficiency. Initially, the mass is euthyroid; however, with increasing size, elevations in T3 and T4 can occur and progress gradually into clinical hyperthyroidism. Work-up and diagnosis include evaluation of thyroid function tests. Ultrasound and radioisotopic scanning demonstrate heterogeneous thyroid substance. Nodules with poor uptake can present as lesions suspicious for malignancy. The incidence of carcinoma in multinodular goiter has been reported as 5% to 10%. Therefore, FNAC for diagnosis and resection for suspicious lesions should be considered. Hyperthyroidism may be adequately controlled by drugs, but surgical management is the preferred treatment. Subtotal or total thyroidectomy may performed depending upon the involvement of the thyroid gland. Radioactive iodine therapy is reserved for elderly individuals who represent poor operative risk. The complications of thyroid surgeries are heamorrhage, respiratory obstruction, vocal cord paralysis, hypoparathyroidism, thyroid insufficiency, thyrotoxic storm and wound infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective clinical study of randomly selected patients admitted in the department of surgery, TVMCH diagnosed and treated as a case of multinodular goitre during the study period. The patients diagnosed as a case of multinodular goitre will undergo detailed history taking, clinical examination, investigations like CBC, thyroid profile, fine needle aspiration cytology, x – ray chest and neck and ultrasonography of neck. After surgery, the patients will be followed up for any immediate post operative complications. The specimen will be sent for histopathological examination and the results will be recorded. Through this study I intend to find out Through this study I intend to emphasize the existing data regarding multinodular goitre and find out - Whether there is a specific age distribution for multinodular goitre in and around tirunelveli. - To study and discuss the most common presenting clinical features of multinodular goitre. - The percentage of thyroid malignancies presenting as multinodular goiter and whether FNAC is conclusive in confirming the diagnosis, which will be helpful in planning the surgery necessary ie., whether a subtotal or total thyroidectomy must be performed. - The percentage of post operative complications encountered in surgeries performed for multinodular goitre in our hospital. RESULTS: In our study, among the 50 cases three were male which constitutes 6% of the study group. The remaining 47 cases were females (94%). Majority of the cases were in the 30 – 40 years age group (32%), followed by the age group of 40 – 50. The Mean age of incidence was 42.26. The average post operative stay among the 50 cases studied was 5.3 days. 76% of the cases were discharged between 4 to 6 days of post operative stay. The presenting complaint was a swelling in all the cases studied (100%). The swelling was associated with pain in 48% of the cases. Pressure symptoms like dysphagia, dyspnoea and hoarseness of voice were present in 44%, 18% and 20% of cases respectively with an average of 27.3%.Of the 50 cases of Multinodular goiters studied, 7 cases were hyperthyroid on presentation which constitutes 14% of the cases. All the cases were taken up for surgery, 88% of cases underwent total thyroidectomy and 10% of cases underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. The Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology reports of the 50 cases showed Nodular Colloid Goitre (64%) as the most common FNAC finding followed by Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (11%). The FNAC report was follicular neoplasm for 2 cases, so total thyroidectomy was performed in those cases to rule out malignancy. Post operative complication occurred in three cases. The post operative histopathological examination of the resected specimen showed that 37% of the cases were Colloid nodular goitre and 18% of cases had features suggestive of Hashimoto’s thyroidits. One case of papillary and follicular carcinoma each. CONCLUSION: MULTINODULAR GOITRE is more common among females and in the age group of 30 to 40 years and is more common among females. The chief complaint in most of the patients is swelling in front of the neck and is associated with pain in 48% of the cases. The average post operative stay in the hospital was 5.3 days. Post operative stay in hospital has to be reduced. Thyroidectomy can be done as a day care or short stay procedure in our hospital as is the recent trend in developed countries. However, the applicability of these practices to thyroid surgery remains controversial. Day care surgery can be promoted in selected and educated patients as this will be the future of thyroid surgeries. Hyperthyroidism in multinodular goitre was present in 14% of cases. Hyperthyroidism occurs in cases of multinodular goitre in the natural evolution of the disease and the patient must be treated and brought to euthyroid state before surgery. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology is a very useful investigation in the evaluation of Multinodular goitre except for that it cannot differentiate follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma. Most of the cases had colloid nodular goitre in multinolar goitre. Carcinoma in not uncommon in cases of Multinodular goitre. So, suspicion should always be present. Total thyroidectomy is the preferred surgery for multinodular goitre. But subtotal thyroidectomy may also be performed in cases in whom surgery is done for cosmetic reasons as in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Hemithyroidectomy can be an option in Multinodular goitre if the nodules are confined to one lobe and the patient is aware of the possibility of recurrence and is willing for regular follow up. Post operative complications after thyroidectomies for multinodulargoitre are less in our institution as compared to various studies. Visualization of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery is an important factor contribution to the low incidence of nerve injuries in our study group