Electron heating at interplanetary shocks

Data for 41 forward interplanetary shocks show that the ratio of downstream to upstream electron temperatures. T sub e (d/u) is variable in the range between 1.0 (isothermal) and 3.0. On average, (T sub e (d/u) = 1.5 with a standard deviation, sigma e = 0.5. This ratio is less than the average ratio of proton temperatures across the same shocks, (T sub p (d/u)) = 3.3 with sigma p = 2.5 as well as the average ratio of electron temperatures across the Earth's bow shock. Individual samples of T sub e (d/u) and T sub p (d/u) appear to be weakly correlated with the number density ratio. However the amounts of electron and proton heating are well correlated with each other as well as with the bulk velocity difference across each shock. The stronger shocks appear to heat the protons more efficiently than they heat the electrons

Simultaneous measurements of magnetotail dynamics by IMP spacecraft

Changes in tail energy density during substorms in the magnetotail are given. In addition to plasma sheet thinnings seen prior to substorm onsets, a gradual decrease in plasma beta was detected in the deep tail which precedes onset and the more prominent plasma disappearance that typically accompanies it. The frequency of thinnings and the regions over which they occurred indicate that drastic changes in plasma sheet thickness are common features of substorms which occur at all locations across the tail

Comment on "Are periodic solar wind number density structures formed in the solar corona?" by N. M. Viall et al., 2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23102, doi:10.1029/2009GL041191

Location of formation of periodic solar wind number density structures is discussed. Observation of proton and alpha anticorrelation in these structures [Viall et al., 2009] indicates that taking into account that bulk velocity of aplha-particles is higher than that of proton the place of formation for these structures should be located at distance less 0.002 AU from place of observation.Comment: 6 pages, submitted in GR

A regression model for predicting broiler prices

The primary purpose of this study was to develop and test a pre-diction equation for broiler prices eleven weeks in the future using currently known weekly data. The method used to develop this model was to use multiple regres-sion in a modified demand equation for broilers. The modifications were necessary because the values of all explanatory variables had to be known 11 weeks prior to the price being predicted (the dependent vari-able) . Eleven weeks were used since there is usually an eleven week period between egg set and marketing the product. Several modifications of the equation were tried with the follow-ing model being chosen as the one to be used for prediction: PER = 82.364 + .289 Y - 275.77 1/FH -1.246 EST - .107 GST + WD + HD Where: PER = price of broilers in cents per pound Y = average weekly income in dollars for blue-collar workers in the U. S. FH = futures price of hogs, 11 weeks forward, in cents per pound EST = egg set in millions of eggs weekly GST = cold storage in millions of pounds of frozen broiler meat WD = weekly dummy variables with week 52 left out to prevent a singular matrix HD - holiday dummy variables with non-holiday periods left out to prevent a singular matrix The predictions of this model were not acceptable as compared to the futures market estimates for broilers, therefore, the most current known residual, or difference between actual and predicted prices, was added to the predictions. However, since these predictions still had wild fluctuations, the two-week, three-week, and four-week moving averages were taken in order to smooth out the peaks and troughs. These predictions along with the futures market estimates were then compared to the actual cash prices for 1974. The results of these comparisons were that the model\u27s predictions and the futures market estimates were not significantly different from each other but that all of the estimates were significantly different from the actual broiler prices for the same time period. The one central conclusion of this study is that if broiler producers wish to have a reasonable estimate of a price to expect for their product, there is no known vehicle to arrive at expected broiler price more accurate than the report in the newspaper of futures market prices 11 weeks hence

Community Development Through Career And Technical Education In The U.S. Education System For A Higher American Standard Of Living

The evolution of the public education system to include more career and life readiness skills should be a central matter of focus to education policymakers across the United States by improving the planning, implementation, and evaluation of Career and Technical Education programs. This is because improving the societal standard of living relies on proper Community Development, through the framework of developing the potential quality of America’s most vital human capital, its students entering the workforce. In its current state Career and Technical Education is an important but underdeveloped program set to accomplish building student skills in work ethics and administrative skills, without the focus and resources to accomplish these well for the majority of students. Community and Leadership Development in students through the evaluation of the federal Career and Technical Education legislation, the Perkins V and its renditions, and the logic models of those programs that are highly successful, reveal a crucial need to improve programs throughout all of the U.S. public education system. The data from the logic models of 9 award winning school CTE programs showed commonalities that less successful programs could strive for to have better results, and improving the potential of their students community development. The overall data of the three consecutive years of award winning CTE programs indicated that nearly 50% of all students served in those award winning programs were low income that successfully increased their standard of living through opportunities such as high percentiles of post-secondary education and workforce industry recognized credentials earned. Many of the schools were institutions with a higher student CTE curriculum focus. This project evaluated the American program of Career and Technical Education derived from the Perkins V legislation and found that the replication of high quality logic models of the programs at award winning schools and the increase in technology and data infrastructure metrics to study for better evaluation would best serve American students and increase the potential for success in the nation’s rapidly transforming economy