Virtual machines In Education

Abstract To provide education and particularly providing practical educational experiences to the students in the field of computing and information technology related courses including practical experience in the field of Networking, System Administration, and Operating Systems needs a lot of resources for the institution. Because this level of technical education can’t be provided only theoretically, students also need hands-on practical experience, and providing practical experience faces a lot of problems such as lack of funding and physical space, risks and threats to the network environment when we attempt to provide real, physical laboratory for experiments. This problem can be solved by developing a virtual environment for delivering students practical education. In this report we will look into different technologies used for virtualization today and do a comparative study. We will also explore some of the institutions, which are using virtual machines based environment to provide students practical experience in the field of computing and information Technology. And see how peoples are getting benefits from using virtual machines. We present how networks of virtual machines can be beneficiary for computing and information technology student and institutions by providing necessary environment in virtual network

Performance Measurement of Web Services Linux Virtual Server

With the rapid expansion in the use of internet services such as web browsing, mails, audio and video files downloading, servers' needs to manage with greater strain resources and actions. Demand for total number of clients supported by the servers has increased significantly. With a continues increase in total number of users and as a result escalating work load makes businesses uncertain about their actions with the passage of time. In addition rapid response and 24 hours availability becoming mandatory necessities for many big critical businesses applications as a result, the necessity of providing support for extremely expandable, sustainable and available services is becoming crucial. Linux Virtual Server is the best solution for providing businesses such critical services. Linux Virtual Server is an open source tool, used to establish expandable, sustainable and highly available server using a number of real servers and a front end Director. Linux Virtual Server has the ability to balance Load of a number of network services amongst several real servers using different scheduling algorithms and packet forwarding methods which suits bests for services and hardware limitations. In this project a web services Linux Virtual Server will be established using NAT (Network Address Translation) packet forwarding method and using three different scheduling algorithms, Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin and least Connection. With each scheduling algorithm number of test setup will be conducted by varying number of real servers used in the Linux Virtual Server Cluster, varying HTTP traffic through using different size of data files downloaded from the real servers and also varying number of request send per second

RESOURCE USE AND FARM PRODUCTIVITY UNDER CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

The paper describes a study of canal and supplemental ground water used by 544 farmers for wheat crop in the Rechna Doab catchment of Pakistan. The main objective was to assess the on-farm financial gains through conjunctive water use. For econometric analysis, a linear relationship between the wheat production and different determinant variables was assumed. The results highlighted the problem of increased use of tubewells water in the saline zones that had resulted in the deterioration of the groundwater quality and led to the problem of permanent upconing of saline groundwater. Conjunctive water management increased the farm income by about Rs. 1000 and 5000 per hectare compared to only using the canal and tubewell water, respectively The results of financial analysis show that the net-gains were 30 percent higher on the farms using conjunctive water management as compared to the farms using only tubewell irrigation.Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Pro-poor intervention strategies in irrigated agriculture in Asia: poverty in irrigated agriculture: issues and options: Pakistan

Irrigated farming / Poverty / Irrigation management / Irrigation systems / Water policy / Water rights / Water law / Irrigation scheduling / Organizations / Social aspects / Households / Economic aspects / Expenditure / Irrigation programs / Performance evaluation / Water delivery / Equity / Models / Crop production / Productivity / Wheat / Pakistan

Crystal structure of catena-poly[[tri-methyltin(IV)]-μ-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-acetato-κ2O:O′]

The authors acknowledge the provision of funds for the purchase of a diffractometer and encouragement by Dr Muhammad Akram Chaudhary, Vice Chancellor, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Mediating role of psychological contract in the relationship between workplace spirituality and affective commitment

Malaysian banking sector is facing commitment challenge of their employees especially in the current highly competitive business environment. Now banks want to retain and engage their competent employees so there is a need to create or enhance their affective commitment because this affective commitment is a key to retain and engage competent employees. Previous research explains that effective commitment provide employees emotional attachment with their organisation so there is a need to explore those factors through which organisations can develop the affective commitment of their employees. Healthy amount of research has been conducted to deal with employee attitude and commitment. As time goes on new concepts are coming up with new management ideas. One such new area of research is workplace spirituality. Previous research in this field discovered numerous benefits of workplace spirituality to the organization and employee as well as organizational and employee development, and commitment. Literature review pointed out that Malaysian banking sector is facing the problem of employee commitment. Present research is an attempt to deal this problem of employee commitment with the help of workplace spirituality along with psychological contract as a mediator. Subjects for this research were 350 bank employees working in commercial banks in Malaysia. Structural equation modelling SEM – PLS was the main statistical technique utilized in this study. All the main relationships were found to have significant effect on employees affective commitment, Overall, the results indicate that the model provide good understanding of the workplace spirituality‟s influence on employees commitment in banking sector of Malaysia

Earlier surgical intervention in congenital heart disease results in better outcome and resource utilization

Background:Congenital heart disease (CHD) accounts for a major proportion of disease in the pediatric age group. The objective of the study was to estimate the cost of illness associated with CHD pre, intra and postoperatively, among Patients referred to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. This is the first study conducted to estimate the cost of managing CHD in Pakistan. Methods: A prevalence based cost of illness Study Design was used to estimate the cost of cardiac surgery (corrective & palliative) for congenital heart defects in children Results:The mean age at the time of surgery in group A (1-12 mo age) was 6.08 +/- 2.80 months and in group B (1-5 yrs) was 37.10 +/- 19.94 months. The cost of surgical admission was found to be significantly higher in the older group, p = 0.001. The total number and cost of post-operative outPatient visits was also higher in group B, p = 0.003. Pre and post operative hospital admissions were not found to be significantly different among the two groups, p = 0.166 and 0.627, respectively. The number of complications were found to be different between the two groups (p = 0.019). Majority of these were contributed by hemorrhage and post-operative seizures. Conclusion: This study concluded that significant expenditure is incurred by people with CHD, with the implication that resources could be saved by earlier detection and awareness campaigns

Is early correction of congenital ventricular septal defect a better option in a developing country

OBJECTIVE: To assess and evaluate the effectiveness of early ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair in a developing country by comparing the outcomes in two age groups. METHODS: A total of 39 patients underwent VSD repair at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi over a period of 2.5 years. Patients were divided into Group 1 (years) and Group 2 (2-18 yrs). Perioperative and postoperative variables were reviewed retrospectively for each patient and compared with the development of complications and the effect on postoperative recovery times. The data was analyzed using Mann Whitney test for continuous variables and Fischer\u27s exact test for categorical variables. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 10.1 +/- 7.0 months and 108.5 +/- 54.0 months for both groups, respectively. Two patients died. Procedure time was not affected by decreasing age (p = 0.622) but Cardio pulmonary Bypass duration (p = 0.040) and Aortic Cross Clamp time (p = 0.063) were significantly affected. No associated significance was obtained when hospital stay (p = 0.085) was observed. Increased duration of ventilation (p = 0.000) and length of ICU stay (p = 0.003) were highly significant for the younger age group. Presence of residual VSD (p = 0.025) was also significantly affected by lower age. There was no significant difference in the number of patients with complications (p = 1.000) among the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Age does not increase morbidity rates after VSD repair although postoperative recovery times are increased with decreasing age. Hence, there is no justification in delaying VSD repair

Dual chamber pacemaker implants--a new opportunity in Pakistan for children with congenital and acquired complete heart block

Implantation of cardiac pacemakers has been practiced for at least five decades with continuous developments of the hardware. The invention of dual chamber pacemakers has initiated a debate concerning its superiority over single chamber ventricular pacemakers. Throughout the world, surgeons have been using dual chambered permanent pacemakers with successful follow ups. However, Pakistan has not yet taken the advantage of such pacemaker devices till now. We report three cases that underwent a dual chamber permanent pacemaker implantation for the first time in children less than 8 kg with successful follow ups