Congress restored, political and economic developments in contemporary India

"August 1981."Prepared for the fourth Joint Soviet-American Conference on Asia, Tashkent, September 1981"#2340"--handwritten on cove

Abstract Model Counting: A Novel Approach for Quantification of Information Leaks

acmid: 2590328 keywords: model checking, quantitative information flow, satisfiability modulo theories, symbolic execution location: Kyoto, Japan numpages: 10acmid: 2590328 keywords: model checking, quantitative information flow, satisfiability modulo theories, symbolic execution location: Kyoto, Japan numpages: 10acmid: 2590328 keywords: model checking, quantitative information flow, satisfiability modulo theories, symbolic execution location: Kyoto, Japan numpages: 10We present a novel method for Quantitative Information Flow analysis. We show how the problem of computing information leakage can be viewed as an extension of the Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) problem. This view enables us to develop a framework for QIF analysis based on the framework DPLL(T) used in SMT solvers. We then show that the methodology of Symbolic Execution (SE) also fits our framework. Based on these ideas, we build two QIF analysis tools: the first one employs CBMC, a bounded model checker for ANSI C, and the second one is built on top of Symbolic PathFinder, a Symbolic Executor for Java. We use these tools to quantify leaks in industrial code such as C programs from the Linux kernel, a Java tax program from the European project HATS, and anonymity protocol

Old Friends - New Realities: California\u27s Economic Relationship with Hong Kong and Taiwan and Trade Policy Report

Last year the Advisory Council on Asia (ACA) was asked by Lieutenant Governor Leo McCarthy to conduct a fact-finding mission to Asia. We believed, as he did, that the pace of economic and political developments in the region was reshaping Asia so quickly and so profoundly that the attention was warranted. As members of California\u27s Asian community and business people involved with Pacific Rim commerce, we believed we could make a major contribution in assessing these developments and their importance to California. We had not anticipated, however, that our mission would provide the impetus for a series of reports documenting fundamental changes in the economies of the region, or that this work would be far more extensive than originally envisioned. We have also had to rethink some of our conclusions regarding the economic future of the region in light of the tumultuous events in China. The scope of this work was also expanded in another way. We recognized the need to make it as much a policy guide for government officials as a working document for those involved in Asian commerce. For its first report the ACA focuses its attention on two of the so-called four tigers of Asia -- Hong Kong and Taiwan. Although they have much in common, including history and culture, they are nonetheless two very distinct economic and political entities at different junctures in their development

Old Friends - New Realities: California\u27s Economic Relationship with Hong Kong and Taiwan and Trade Policy Report

Last year the Advisory Council on Asia (ACA) was asked by Lieutenant Governor Leo McCarthy to conduct a fact-finding mission to Asia. We believed, as he did, that the pace of economic and political developments in the region was reshaping Asia so quickly and so profoundly that the attention was warranted. As members of California\u27s Asian community and business people involved with Pacific Rim commerce, we believed we could make a major contribution in assessing these developments and their importance to California. We had not anticipated, however, that our mission would provide the impetus for a series of reports documenting fundamental changes in the economies of the region, or that this work would be far more extensive than originally envisioned. We have also had to rethink some of our conclusions regarding the economic future of the region in light of the tumultuous events in China. The scope of this work was also expanded in another way. We recognized the need to make it as much a policy guide for government officials as a working document for those involved in Asian commerce. For its first report the ACA focuses its attention on two of the so-called four tigers of Asia -- Hong Kong and Taiwan. Although they have much in common, including history and culture, they are nonetheless two very distinct economic and political entities at different junctures in their development

Contemporary South Korean economy : challenges and prospects

In Contemporary South Korean Economy, Chiang provides a critical analysis of the Republic of Korea's economic development in the two most recent decades. Chiang highlights that most of the literature on the Republic of Korea's economy focuses on the country's substantial economic growth periods between the 1960s and 1980s; yet, there is little literature that discusses Republic of Korea's post-industrialization period. Examining the recent economic performance of the country is important because policymakers can observe whether the Republic of Korea's export-oriented policies were sustainable in the long-run. This book aims to investigate the core economic structures of the country and issues after attaining its post-war industrialization. Contemporary South Korean Economy is a necessary addition to literature on the country's miraculous growth

The impact of odd-even transportation policy and other factors on pollution in Delhi : a spatial and RDD analysis

This paper is motivated by persistent environmental problems in Delhi, India which present a serious threat to the well-being of the people in the city. The authors use a statistical approach to quantify the relationship between new transportation policy adopted by the Delhi Government, other controlled factors like meteorological conditions, price of fossil fuel, ban on crackers, burning of agriculture residue, among others on the concentration of various gaseous pollutants and air pollution levels at certain measurement stations in Delhi. Moreover, they try to explain whether the odd-even transportation policy has been able to reduce pollution in Delhi both in short and long run and its impact on pollution levels existing in Delhi. At the end, they suggest some policy measures which should be undertaken to reduce pollution levels in Delhi

Regional trade agreements and cross-border trade costs : The case of Pacific Island countries

This is ARTNeT Working Paper No. 165, 'Regional trade agreements and cross-border trade costs: The case of Pacific Island Countries', by Jean Bertrand Azapmo. Trade costs matter, in particular for small island developing countries, such as Pacific island Countries (PICs), given their economic size and remoteness from the world markets. This paper examines whether PICs’ performance in cross-border trade costs is informed by the extent of their participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs). The paper begins by analyzing PICs’ membership in five RTAs, focusing on trade facilitation-related provisions committed through those agreements, which have the potential to reduce cross-border trade costs. Applying a New Institutional Economics approach, we can categorize PICs in light of their membership in RTAs; with Tier 1 comprising PICs that are parties to all or four of the five RTAs examined in this paper, followed by Tier 2, and finally Tier 3 with PICs that are parties to less than three RTAs. Next, the paper assesses PICs’ performance in cross-border trade costs using three main indicators (cost, time, and number of documents to export and to import) and data from World Bank Doing Business for 2013-2017. We find that, PICs that are in Tier 1 (except Fiji) do not systematically have lower cross-border trade costs than other PICs. We conclude that whilst RTAs provide a legal framework for improving cross-border trade costs, other factors, such as the nature and scope of trade facilitation-related commitments made by PICs through RTAs and their capacity to implement those commitments, are crucial. Based on these findings, we recommend to review and strengthen trade facilitation-related provisions in existing and future RTAs, to strengthen PICs’ capacity to implement trade facilitation-related measures contained in RTAs, and finally, for PICs to make trade facilitation-related reforms a center element of their national trade policy as well as overall national economic development plan and strategy

Moving freely? Labour mobility in ASEAN

By Sarah Huelser and Adam Heal This policy brief reviews the level of labour market integration in ASEAN and assesses labour market reforms being undertaken as part of the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)

Remittances, migration and inclusive growth : the case of Nepal

By Nephil Matangi Maskay and Shiva Raj Adhikari This paper reviews the unique experience of Nepal, a land-locked least developed country in South Asia, bringing out lessons from the Nepalese experience which have wider applicability. In Nepal, as in other countries, increasing attention is being given to the inclusivity of growth. In particular, we observe the importance of remittances in reducing poverty in Nepal. But the impacts of remittances and migration on poverty should not be understood only in relation to increased household incomes and consumption. Rather, a more holistic understanding is necessary that considers how remittances can shape social behavior more broadly, including by raising expectations and increasing opportunities. This policy brief covers, in a digested format, many of the issues examined in a 2013 ARTNeT working paper by the same authors (Maskay and Adhikari, 2013)

Impact of implementation of digital trade facilitation on trade costs

This study estimates the effect of trade facilitation measures implementation on trade costs in Asia and the Pacific using data from the United Nations Global Survey on Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation. Impact of different sets of measures are considered, from a basic set of measures to ensure compliance with the World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA) commitments, to a full set of digital trade facilitation measures. The analysis shows that full implementation of both binding and non-binding measures in the WTO TFA is associated with an average 15% trade cost reduction in Asia-Pacific. On the other hand, full implementation of binding and non-binding WTO TFA measures together with other paperless and cross-border trade facilitation measures (digital trade facilitation) is projected to decrease trade costs by more than 26%, cutting international transaction costs in Asia and the Pacific by about $0.6 trillion annually. The analysis also confirms that there are significant reductions in trade costs associated with trade partners’ implementation of trade facilitation measures. This shows that economies which already have high rates of trade facilitation implementation have strong incentive to encourage and support their trading partners in implementing trade facilitation. Further facilitation of trade in these economies will involve developing legal and technical frameworks to support cross-border paperless trade, i.e., enabling the electronic exchange and legal recognition of trade data and documents between public and private actors located in different countries along the international supply chain, as envisaged in the recently adopted regional UN treaty on cross-border paperless trade facilitation, the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific (FA-PT)