INVESTIGATION OF THE VISUAL BOUNDARY FOR IMMEDIATE PERCEPTION OF VERTICAL RATE OF DESCENT

Visual boundary for human perception of vertical rate of descen

Cultural Change for a Bearable Climate

Social, economic and cultural systems will have to evolve so that they can again exist within the boundaries of nature Stabilising the climate and curbing ecological decline more broadly will take nothing less than transforming cultural systems so that living sustainably becomes as natural as living as a consumer feels today. To do that, it will be necessary to harness leading societal institutions just as consumer interests did in the past century, when they so effectively normalised consumerism

Colonial Organization of Mine Labour in Charcas 1 (Present-Day Bolivia) and Its Consequences 2 (Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries)

This article analyses the changes in the organization of labour during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in colonial Charcas, present-day Bolivia, focusing on the role that different colonial authorities played in this process and its consequences. The Spanish took advantage of the pre-Hispanic organization of labour from the beginning of their conquest. However, in a colonial context, labour relations changed significantly, and the architect of those alterations was Viceroy Francisco de Toledo. We examine the transformations in mine labour carried out by the Spanish colonial polity; these had a significant effect not only on mining, but also on all labour relations in the southern colonial Andes.Fil: Gil Montero, Raquel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto de Geografía, Historia y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Geografía, Historia y Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Zagalsky, Paula Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Las exportaciones del litoral argentino al puerto de Buenos Aires entre 1783 y 1850

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaEn este trabajo estudiamos la dinámica de las exportaciones del Litoral argentino con el puerto de Buenos Aires entre los años de 1783 a 1850. A partir del análisis cuantitativo del comercio litoraleño evaluamos su comportamiento y composición, lo que nos permite sostener que las exportaciones crecieron más rápidamente después de la independencia que durante el período colonial, y por tanto también el conjunto de la economía litoraleña. Así, esta región habría experimentado una transición económica relativamente exitosa entre el período colonial y la etapa independiente.This article studies the dynamics of exports from the Argentine Litoral to Buenos Aires between 1783 and 1850. A quantitative analysis of the litoral's commerce enables us to state that exports grew faster after independence than during the colonial period, as did the «litoraleña» economy as a whole. As a result, die región experienced a successful transition from the colonial period to independence.Publicad

Five centuries of Latin American income inequality

Special Issue on Latin American InequalityMost analysts of the modern Latin American economy believe that it has always had very high levels of inequality. Indeed, some have argued that high inequality appeared very early in the post-conquest Americas, and that this fact supported rent-seeking and anti-growth institutions that help explain the disappointing growth performance we observe there even today. This paper argues to the contrary. Compared with the rest of the world, Latin American inequality was not high either in pre-conquest 1491 or in the post-conquest decades following 1492. Indeed, it was not even high in the mid-19th century just before Latin America’s belle e´poque. It only became high thereafter. Historical persistence in Latin American inequality is a myth.La mayoría de los análisis sobre la economía latinoamericana contemporánea creen que siempre ha tenido muy altos niveles de desigualdad. A decir verdad, algunos han argumentado que los altos niveles de desigualdad aparecieron en épocas muy tempranas en la América posterior a la Conquista. Esto supondría la existencia de instituciones buscadoras de renta y no propiciatorias del crecimiento lo que nos ayudaría a explicar los problemas de desarrollo que observamos incluso hoy en día. Este artículo argumenta lo contrario. Comparada con el resto del mundo, la desigualdad en Latinoamérica no era alta en los años anteriores a la Conquista de 1491, y no fue alta en las décadas posteriores que siguieron a 1492. En realidad, no fue alta a mitad del siglo XIX en los años anteriores a la belle époque en Latinoamérica. Sólo llegó a ser alta posteriormente. La persistencia histórica de la desigualdad en Latinoamérica es un mito

Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Tests of a Pilotless Aircraft Having Horizontal and Vertical Wings and Cruciform Tail

Low-speed tests of a pilotless aircraft were conducted in the Langley propeller-research tunnel to provide information for the estimation of the longitudinal stability and. control, to measure the aileron effectiveness, and to calibrate the radome and the Machmeter pitot-static orifices. It was found that the model possessed a stEb.le variation of elevator angle required for trim throughout the speed range at the design angle of attack. A comparison of the airplane with and without JATO units and with an alternate rocket booster showed that a large loss in longitudinal stability and control resulting from the addition of the rocket booster to the aircraft was sufficient to make the rocket-booster assembly unsatisfactory as an alternate for the JATO units. Reversal of the aileron effectiveness was evident at positive deflections of the vertical wing flap indicating that the roll-stabilization system would produce roiling moments in a tight right turn contrary to its design purpose. Vertical-wing-flap deflections caused large errors in the static-pressure reading obtained by the original static-tube installation. A practical installation point on the fuselage was located which should yield reliable measurement of the free-stream static pressure

Applying Reggio Emilia Philosophy to Family Child Care Settings: Match or Mismatch?

This exploratory research study examines family child care providers’ perceptions on the Reggio Emilia philosophies, and whether they could be applied to mixed-age family child care settings. A total of five current and former family child care providers who were either alumni or current graduate students in Early Childhood Education shared their insights about the intersections of family child care and Reggio Emilia. The data was collected in two ways, such as through completing questionnaires and participating in a focus group meeting. The results from the questionnaires and focus group meeting suggest that although some aspects of the Reggio approach may be successfully adopted in family child care settings, particular principles can be challenging to apply due to the unique characteristics of the family child care in the United States. The focus group revealed that providers appreciated the opportunity to discuss their program philosophies, and seemed eager to advance the questions of curriculum for mixed-age ranges in a publication.California State University, Northridge. Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling.Includes bibliographical references (pages 112-114

El transporte de moneda en la España del siglo XVII: mecanismos y costes

Las monedas de plata eran un excelente instrumento de pago en la España del siglo XVII y también en el resto de Europa, pero, dado su elevado peso y valor, su uso y transporte tenía riesgos y costes. ¿Se puede hacer una estimación de los mismos? Hasta ahora sabemos lo que la Corona pagaba a los banqueros por realizar este servicio, pero ¿cuánto pagaban los banqueros? ¿Y los particulares? ¿Qué era más barato: utilizar letras de cambio o moneda en metálico? ¿Cómo funcionaba en España la exportación de metal precioso?Silver coins were an excellent instrument of payment in the seventeenth century, but given its high weight and value, its use and transport involved high risks and costs. Is it possible to estimate those costs? So far, we know how much the Spanish Crown paid to its bankers for money transport, but how much did the bankers themselves pay? And how much did other economic agents pay? What was cheaper: the use of bills of exchange or that of coins? How did the export of precious metals work in Spain?Publicad