Dionysian Semiotics: Myco-Dendrolatry and Other Shamanic Motifs in the Myths and Rituals of the Phrygian Mother

The administration of initiation rites by an ecstatic specialist, now known to western scholarship by the general designation of ‘shaman’, has proven to be one of humanity’s oldest, most widespread, and continuous magico-religious traditions. At the heart of their initiatory rituals lay an ordeal – a metaphysical journey - almost ubiquitously brought on by the effects of a life-changing hallucinogenic drug experience. To guide their initiates, these shaman worked with a repertoire of locally acquired instruments, costumes, dances, and ecstasy-inducing substances. Among past Mediterranean cultures, Semitic and Indo-European, these sorts of initiation rites were vital to society’s spiritual well-being. It was, however, the mystery schools of antiquity – organizations founded upon conserving the secrets of plant-lore, astrology, theurgy and mystical philosophy – which satisfied the role of the shaman in Greco-Roman society. The rites they delivered to the common individual were a form of ritualized ecstasy and they provided an orderly context for religiously-oriented intoxication. In the eastern Mediterranean, these ecstatic cults were most often held in honour of a great mother goddess and her perennially dying-and-rising consort. The goddess’ religious dramas enacted in cultic ritual stressed the importance of fasting, drumming, trance-inducing music, self-mutilation, and a non-alcoholic ritual intoxication. Far and wide the dying consort worshiped by these cults was a god of vegetation, ecstasy, revelation, and salvation; by ingesting his body initiates underwent a profound mystical experience. From what limited information has survived from antiquity, it appears that the rites practiced in the eastern mystery cults were in essence traditional shamanic ordeals remodeled to suit the psychological needs of Mediterranean civilization’s marginalized people. This paper argues that the myths of this vegetable god, so-called ‘the Divine Bridegroom,’ particularly in manifestation of the Phrygian Attis and the Greek Dionysus, is deeply rooted in the life-cycle, cultivation, treatment, consumption of a tree-born hallucinogenic mushroom, Amanita muscaria. The use of this mushroom is alive and well today among Finno-Ugric shaman and this paper explores their practices as one branch of Eurasian shamanism running parallel to, albeit in a different time, the rites of the Phrygian goddess. Using extant literary and linguistic evidence, I compare the initiatory cults long-assimilated into post-agricultural Mediterranean civilization with the hallucinogen-wielding shaman of the Russian steppe, emphasizing them both as facets of a prehistoric and pan-human magico-religious archetype

The Theatre of Linda Griffiths

Linda Griffiths, actor and playwright, is a charismatic and vital presence on the Toronto theatre scene from the early 1970s until her untimely death in 2014. She travels across Canada and to Broadway, performing Maggie & Pierre after it premiers in the Backspace of Theatre Passe Muraille in 1980. She performs in her final play, Heaven Above, Heaven Below, with Layne Coleman in this same intimate space in 2013. Between these two shows, Griffiths works in theatres across Canada all the while maintaining her dedication to Theatre Passe Muraille. Her beginnings in collective creation lead her to experiment with process and with the formal composition of her plays, as well as to continuously navigate between her roles as actor and playwright. This dissertation studies the arc of Griffiths's career in order to reposition her in the field. It explores Griffiths's experiments with form as well as her embodiment and continuation of the spirit and enthusiasm of the alternative theatre movement in Canada. I trace the development of her uvre as that of a playwright whose creative process travels the arc from collective, to collaboration, to writing solo for backspaces and mainstages, for both intimate venues and large national theatres, ultimately establishing her as one of Canada's most original and vibrant playwrights. This dissertation analyzes Griffiths's career as she discovers her actor-playwright identity, develops her own distinct creative process, and using her own unique methods writes and performs meaningful, powerful pieces which imagine new possibilities in women's representation. I draw on original archival research from the Linda Griffiths fonds held at the University of Guelph as well as archives and papers in the private possession of Layne Coleman, Griffiths's long-term fellow theatre practitioner. As a kaleidoscopic creator, Griffiths's work necessitates a kaleidoscopic study. The methods of analysis, however, remain focused on archival research into her process. Because of her tendency to write from lived experience and to thoroughly research her subjects, who are often derived from real people, I investigate Griffiths's alchemical methods of transforming truthful material into illusory, fantastical, ephemeral, yet poignant and impactful performances

Incidental and intentional memorizing of associations

Bibliography: p. 96-103

Honoring the Outermost: Saturn in <i>Picatrix</i>, Marsilio Ficino, and Renaissance Cosmology

ABSTRACT This article explores how the planet Saturn was conceptualized in the premodern cosmology that influenced the Florentine Renaissance philosopher Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), particularly in the Latin translations of Arabic astrological works from which he drew inspiration in the production of his medical guide and mirror for princes, the De vita libri tres (1489). It puts special attention on the secret role of the astro-magical treatise Picatrix in Ficino's intellectual development and on some of the astrological correspondences or significations between Saturn and the concepts over which that planet was believed to hold dominion (e.g., melancholy, scholarship, and others). The article traces out some of the changes in the perceptions of Saturn, from his ambivalent role as a chthonic Roman divinity and the ruler of an agricultural golden age to a largely malefic force of nature in Late Antiquity up to Abū Maʿšar, and returning again to an ambivalent role as a volitional spiritual entity and a ruler of duality and extremes in the minds of astrologers from al-Qurṭubī (d. 964) to Ficino, who were also influenced by pseudo-Aristotelian, Aristotelian, Hermetic, and other pagan sources in constructing their knowledge of astral magic.</jats:p

Intelligentia Spiritualis: Platonism, the Latin Polemical Tradition, and the Renaissance Approach to the Prophetic Sense of History

This study sheds light on key figures and trends in the medieval Latin West that influenced the intellectual lives of the humanist theologians Marsilio Ficino (1433–99) and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94), specifically regarding their respective visions of world history, which they understood primarily through the lens of biblical prophecy and the Greco-Roman classics. It highlights continuities over changes from the medieval to the Renaissance period so as to demonstrate how a longstanding culture of interreligious theological and philosophical disputation between Christians, Jews, and Muslims, particularly among converts, served as a vehicle for the exchange (and appropriation) of knowledge across linguistic and cultural boundaries. Among the exchanged and appropriated ideas were not only insights into the history of the world – its beginning, middle, and end – but also deeply intertwined mystical concepts, some of Late Antique Pythagorean and Platonic provenance, and some derived from more recent innovation, such as those derived from medieval Jewish Kabbalah, especially regarding the correct understanding of divine names (what is herein called ‘esoteric philology’). During the Renaissance, humanist theologians reinterpreted, recombined, and redeployed these concepts in various ways to serve their own particular pro-Christian polemical ends. This study, therefore, focuses on the rise, development, and embattlement of a distinctly Latin anti-Jewish polemical tradition, and attempts to demonstrate how the pro-spiritual and anti-carnal attitudes present in Ficino and Pico’s theological works cannot be fully understood without locating them within the wider context of this longstanding culture of interreligious disputation

A Solid-State 35Cl and 81Br NMR and Computational Study of Chlorine and Bromine Electric Field Gradient and Chemical Shift Tensors in Haloanilinium Halides

The results of a systematic 35Cl, 81Br, and 127I SSNMR spectroscopic study of a series of halogen-substituted anilinium halide salts are presented. Solid-state NMR of these nuclides, bromine-/81 and iodine-127 in particular, is not well established. Twenty-one compounds thought to exhibit halogen bonding were prepared based on modified literature procedures, and two crystal structures were solved. Experiments show that collection of SSNMR spectra of the anions is feasible, though ultrahigh magnetic fields (21.1 T) and variable offset data acquisition were found to be essential. Electric field gradient and chemical shift tensors are measured experimentally for all 21 compounds, significantly expanding the body of data for the quadrupolar halogen nuclei. Quadrupolar coupling constants for chlorine-35 ranged from 2.12 to 6.04 MHz, for bromine-81 from 12.3 to 45.3 MHz, and for iodine-127 from 57.50 to 152.50 MHz. Gauge-including projector-augmented wave density functional theory (GIPAW-DFT) calculations were used to provide insight as to how the NMR parameters vary with local environment and long-range crystal packing. Overall, calculations reproduced the experimental trends in quadrupolar coupling constants and chemical shift tensor span (Ω) but failed to provide quantitative agreement within experimental error. Experimental and computational data were analyzed in order to provide insight into how halogen bonding influences NMR parameters. Several trends were elucidated from this study, including an inverse correlation between Ω and the length of the shortest halogen-halide contact (d). In selected bromine compounds, for example, Ω (81Br) was measured to increase from 120 to 240 ppm as d decreased from 3.838 to 3.443 Å. In summary, this study has demonstrated the feasibility and utility of quadrupolar halogen SSNMR, and that these techniques may prove useful in characterizing halogen bonding interactions in solids