Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

This chapter examines an approach to crime reduction which differs from many others in that it focuses, not on the offender or their reasoning for committing an offence, but upon the environment in which an offence takes place. This approach also differs in its consideration of who should hold responsibility for the reduction of crime, with a focus, not solely upon the traditional criminal justice system agencies, but also upon planners, architects, developers and managers of public space. The approach is based on the presumption that offenders will maximise crime opportunities, and therefore, those opportunities must be avoided (in the first place) or removed (following the emergence of a crime problem). In the 2001 publication ‘Cracking Crime through Design’, Pease introduces the concept of design as a means of reducing crime, but more importantly, the premise that it is the moral responsibility of many different actors and agencies to improve the lives of those who may fall victim to crime, those who live in fear of crime, and (less obviously) those who will, through the presentation of unproblematic opportunities, be tempted into offending. In the case of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), it is the planners, designers, developers and architects who risk acting (as Pease paraphrases the poet John Donne) as the gateway to another man’s sin

Ruimte in het kustonderzoek

Door de eeuwen heen zijn kusten altijd aantrekkelijke woongebieden geweest. De belangrijkste redenen daarvoor zijn de specifieke natuurlijke hulpbronnen en de economische activiteiten die gebonden zijn aan de nabijheid van de zee, zoals scheepvaart, kust- en zeevisserij, toerisme enzovoort. Daarenboven zijn, met name in sedimentaire kustgebieden, de bodems gewoonlijk zeer geschikt voor landbouw. Met een nog steeds groeiende wereldbevolking zal de druk op het gebruik van ruimte en natuurlijke hulpbronnen in kustgebieden eerder toe dan afnemen.We hoeven niet ver van huis te gaan om de relevantie van het bovenstaande in te zien. Het overgrote deel van de Nederlandse bevolking woont en werkt in het kustgebied van Zuid- en Noord-Holland, wat een groot beslag legt op de beschikbare ruimte voor woningbouw en infrastructuur. Tevens ligt hier het economisch hart van Nederland, waaraan bij voorbeeld de aanwezigheid van grote zeehavens en de nationale luchthaven een niet onbelangrijke bijdrage leveren. Plannen voor uitbreiding daarvan zijn met enige regelmaat aan de orde. Het toenemende gevecht om de afnemende ruimte en de schaarser wordende natuurlijke hulpbronnen in het kustgebied vereist planning en beheer om de ontwikkelingen op een verantwoorde wijze te kunnen sturen. Belangrijk daarbij is ook de, al dan niet mede door de mens veroorzaakte, versnelde stijging van de zeespiegel, die binnen het kustbeheer van met name laaggelegen kustgebieden, extra nadruk zal leggen op de kustbescherming. De inrichting en het beheer van kustgebieden vergen onderbouwend onderzoek vanuit de verschillende betrokken disciplines om een juiste afweging te kunnen maken tussen verschillende aspecten als veiligheid, recreatie, toerisme, natuur, economie. Ruimtelijke patronen nemen hierbij een vooraanstaande plaats in. In het navolgende wil ik U in algemene zin een beeld scheppen van de bijdrage daaraan van het fysisch geografisch kustonderzoek aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Dit onderzoek beperkt zich tot sedimentaire kusten. Rotskusten met steile kliffen hebben veelal weinig aantrekkingskracht uitgeoefend op mensen, met uitzondering van toeristische activiteiten. Daarenboven worden dergelijke kusten nauwelijks bedreigd door een stijging van de zeespiegel, zoals die thans wordt ingeschat

S. Avrel. Avgvstini Confessionvm Libri X

Cum Notis R. P. Henrici Wangnereck, Soc. IesuVorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Coloniae, Apud Iodocum Kalcovium et Socios. Anno M DC XLVI

Título: De sacramentis in genere baptismo et confirmatione libri tre

Sign.: )(10, 2)(4, A-z8, 2a-2R8, 2S

A Novel Fenestration Technique for Abdominal Aortic Dissection Membranes Using a Combination of a Needle Re-entry Catheter and the "Cheese-wire” Technique

Purpose: This study was designed to demonstrate the applicability of a combined needle-based re-entry catheter and "cheese-wire” technique for fenestration of abdominal aortic dissection membranes. Methods: Four male patients (mean age: 65years) with acute complicated aortic type B dissections were treated at our institution by fenestrating the abdominal aortic dissection membrane using a hybrid technique. This technique combined an initial membrane puncture with a needle-based re-entry catheter using a transfemoral approach. A guidewire was passed through the re-entry catheter and across the membrane. Using a contralateral transfemoral access, this guidewire was then snared, creating a through-and-through wire access. The membrane was then fenestrated using the cheese-wire maneuver. Results: We successfully performed: (a) membrane puncture; (b) guidewire passage; (c) guidewire snaring; and (d) cheese-wire maneuver in all four cases. After this maneuver, decompression of the false lumen and acceptable arterial inflow into the true lumen was observed in all cases. The dependent visceral arteries were reperfused. In one case, portions of the fenestrated membrane occluded the common iliac artery, which was immediately and successfully stented. In another case, long-standing intestinal hypoperfusion before the fenestration resulted in reperfusion-related shock and intraoperative death of the patient. Conclusions: The described hybrid approach for fenestration of dissection membranes is technically feasible and may be established as a therapeutic method in cases with a complicated type B dissectio

Gate defined zero- and one-dimensional confinement in bilayer graphene

We report on the fabrication and measurement of nanoscale devices based on bilayer graphene sandwiched between hexagonal boron nitride bottom and top gate dielectrics. The top gates are patterned such that constrictions and islands can be electrostatically induced by applying appropriate voltages to the gates. The high quality of the devices becomes apparent from conductance quantization in the constrictions at low temperature. The islands exhibit clear Coulomb blockade and single-electron transport.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Valuation of Unregistered Lands: A Policy Guide

In many developing countries, only 30 per cent of land rights are registered. This publication aims to support developing countries that have unregistered lands to be able to value these lands. It is intended for policy makers, valuation practitioners, other land professionals and various stakeholders involved in the valuation of unregistered lands. It highlights the need to address the challenges related to valuing unregistered lands. This publication provides key principles and policy guidance for people to progressively undertake valuations of unregistered lands. It is intended to assist in the achievement of professional level valuations of unregistered lands and enable users of this guide to discern when this has been achieved. Lessons learnt and solutions should be documented leading to detailed manuals on how to better value unregistered land in the future and thereby significantly contribute to sustainable development objectives. The guide serves to strengthen the implementation of the continuum of land rights a key tool to strengthening security of tenure for all. Governments, policy makers, the valuation industry, practitioners, capacity development institutions and other interested parties should use this guide to help achieve the SDG goals of conflict prevention, food security, gender equity and sustainable urban and rural development