Schwankungen der Inhaltsstoffe in Öko-Futtermitteln: schnelle Bestimmung der Inhaltsstoffe zum sicheren Umgang mit dem Problem

Ziel des Projektes war die schnelle Erfassung der Inhaltsstoffe in Proteinfuttermitteln, um Landwirte in die Lage zu versetzen, mit den Schwankungen der Inhaltsstoffe in Ökofuttermitteln umzugehen und daraufhin an den Bedarf der Tiere angepasste Futterrationen zusammen stellen zu können. Dazu wurden NIR-Kalibrierungen entwickelt, die eine zeitnahe Bestimmung der Rohnährstoffe einschließlich Stärke und Zucker und der Aminosäuren in Ackerbohnen und Futtererbsen direkt nach der Ernte erlauben. Im Projektverlauf wurden 350 Futtererbsen und 233 Ackerbohnen aus zwei Anbaujahren referenzanalytisch auf ihre Gehalte an Rohnährstoffen, Stärke, Zucker und 17 Aminosäuren untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Daten aus der Referenzanalytik wurden insgesamt 138 Kalibrationen entwickelt (69 für jede der Leguminosen), jeweils 18 für die Rohnährstoffe (einschließlich Stärke und Zucker) in drei Korngrößen und jeweils 51 für 17 Aminosäuren in drei Korngrößen. Nach Beurteilung der Güte der Kalibrationen empfehlen sich jeweils 23 Kalibrationen für die Schätzung der Inhaltsstoffe und der Aminosäuren in Futtererbsen und Ackerbohnen. Die im Rahmen des Projektes erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es mit Hilfe der NIRS möglich ist, schnell, einfach und kostengünstig die Rohnährstoffe, Stärke, Zucker und die Aminosäuren in getrockneten, vermahlenen Futtererbsen und Ackerbohnen zu schätzen. Mit der NIRS kann zeitnah, direkt nach Bereitstellung der Ernteproben eine Futterbewertung vorgenommen werden. Die Entwicklung bzw. Ausdehnung der Kalibrationen auf weitere Futterkomponenten (z.B Lupinen, Getreide) und damit die Schätzung der Gehalte wertgebender Inhaltsstoffe aller Rationskomponenten würde eine optimierte Rationsgestaltung vereinfachen

Yield and predicted feed quality of different German cultivars of blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius)

In the present work different cultivars of blue lupins were tested at two sites, the experimental farm of the Institute of Organic Farming (IOF-site) at Trenthorst near Hamburg and the experimental station of the Institute of Plant and Soil Science (ICSS-site) at Braunschweig (conventional farming). The field experiments were conducted from 2003 – 2005 at the IOF-site and in 2006 and 2007 at the ICSS-site. At the IOF-site yield was 2,95 t ha-1 on average, whereas the mean yield at the ICSS-site was lower with 2.0 t ha-1. However, a significant interaction between cultivar and year was observed for yield (P<0.001 and P<0.01 for IOF-site and ICSS-site, respectively). At the ICSS-site the cultivars Vitabor, Boltensia, Borlu and Sonet showed the lowest yield. Yield was similar between the branched and determinate cultivars at both sites, but the crude protein content (CP) was in the majority of the cases higher in the branched cultivars. The CP content ranged between 28.2% and 37.8% DM at the IOF-site and between 34.7 and 39.2% DM at the ICSS-site, respectively. The newer cultivars Idefix and Probor, which were tested at ICSS-site in 2006 and 2007, had the highest CP content (39.2 and 38.8% DM). Additionally, the predicted Net Energy for Lactation (NEL) in dairy cow and the predicted Metabolized Energy for pigs (ME) showed interactions between year and cultivar with the exception of ME at the ICSS-site. Cultivars with a high NEL respectively ME were Bora, Boruta, Bolivio and Borlu at the IOF-site and Probor, Borlu, Idefix, Boregine and Boltensia at the ICSS-site

Effect of different sowing densities in mixed cultivation of blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) with spring crops on yield and quality

The aim of this investigation was to optimise the yield percentage of blue lupins in mixed cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Northern Germany (Institute of Organic Farming near Hamburg and Institute of Plant and Soil Science at Braunschweig). Two types of blue lupins, the determinate and branched type were cultivated together with spring barley, spring wheat or fodder peas in different seeding ratios (SR): 50% : 50%, 62,5% : 37,5 % and 75% : 25% of the respective pure cropping seeding rate. We present data on total grain yield, yield of blue lupins, yield percentage of blue lupins, protein content, and protein yield. Total grain yield decreased with increasing SR of blue lupins whereas, in contrast, the yield of blue lupins, protein content and protein yield increased. This shows the low competitive ability of blue lupins against the mixed cropping partners, particularly cereals. Therefore, the yield percentage of blue lupins in mixed cropping with cereals did not reach more than 25%. From the view of plant production and the purpose of animal nutrition the percentage of grain legumes should be higher and comparable to those of other crop mixtures like peas with spring barley or beans with oat

The nutritive value of lupins in sole cropping systems and mixed intercropping with spring cereals for grain production

In total 572 experimental plots were established at two sites during three years with different grain legume species, such as lupins, field beans and peas as well as mixed intercropping of different legumes or legumes with spring cereals for grain production. From all plots yield as well as quality and energy parameters of grains were analysed and the feed values calculated. Compared to soy bean meal yellow lupins have higher protein content but a low yield. While the energy content of lupins as feed for pigs, cattle and milking cows was only slightly higher than of soy bean meal, its feed energy for poultry was nearly comparable. In the case of mixed intercropping with spring cereals the feed energy content for pigs and cattle by using spring wheat or- barley as partner was higher than a comparable mixture of wheat and soy bean meal. The lowest feed energy contents were achieved with mixtures of legumes and oats. From the view of animal nutrition the parts of lupins in the mixed intercropping grains should be higher in the relation to spring cereals to increase especially the protein content

Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen und zur Persistenz koagulase-negativer Staphylokokken bei Milchziegen

Intramammary infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in goats are increasing during the last few years and play an important role like as in dairy cows. The relevance of these microorganisms as potential udder pathogens are con-troversial discussed, but it has been proved that CNS plays an important role in the development of persistent subclinical mastitis. The aim of the present study was the investigation of the occurrence and the persistence of main pathogens in the dairy goat herd of the Institute of Organic Farming of the FAL in Trenthorst over three lacta-tions. Therefore PCR methods based on specific 16S-23S ribosomal RNA spacer sequences, developed for detection of pathogens in cow’s milk, should be tested for their application in goats. DNA used in PCR was isolated directly from milk without cultivation of the bacteria. The investigation shows that the developed primer systems are useful tools for the detection of CNS in goats. The main CNS in the investigated goat herd is S. epider-midis, S. simulans and S. xylosus. S. epidermidis and S. simulans are persistent over three lactations in some animals but not in all. The reasons for the different behaviour of the bacteria should be investigated in further studies

Quality of organic legumes – prediction of main ingredients and amino acids by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The analytical potential of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for predicting the chemical composition and the amino acid contents of grain legumes was evaluated. Pea and bean samples from field trials of different organically-managed experimental locations in Germany were analysed with reference methods. The reference data were used for developing calibration equations for the main ingredients and for the estimation of the amino acids. The calibration equations were validated on a remaining sample set. The statistics of NIRS calibrations showed that the predictions were successful or satisfactory for all main ingredients. The predictions of the essential amino acids were successful and respectively, for cystine in beans satisfactory as well. The obtained results indicated that the NIRS could be successfully used for the prediction of the main ingredients and amino acids in field beans and peas and therefore to evaluate the feed quality quickly and easy. The exact calculation of feed rations seems to be possible if the samples are analysed by NIRS directly after harvesting

Studies on greenhouse gas emissions in organic and conventional dairy farms

In Germany agriculture is responsible for 14 % of the whole greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-sions. A considerable portion (30 %) of the emissions is caused by dairy farming. Recent discussions about this issue show that there is a lack of solid data. The project "Climate effects and sustainability of organic and conventional farming systems - examination in a network of pilot farms" aims to attain more precise information. A total of 40 conventional and 40 organic farms in Germany are compared in this project. Half of the farm pairs are dairy systems; they are located as organic/conventional pairs in regions with equal soil and climatic conditions. The collected data includes length of life, first calving, milk yield, fodder regime, state of health of the different dairy herds and data on manure management and fodder production as well as soil and soil management data. Options to increase sustainability in the farming systems are discussed with a special view to GHG emissions. Modelling of GHG emissions and weak point analyses in production shall be undertaken with the models GAS-EM and REPRO. General differences between organic and conventional dairy farming affecting the GHG balance can be expected by different milk production per cow, different feed components and obligatory grazing in organic farms and different GHG balances in the production of fodder crops. An increase in milk yields by a general intensification of feeding might be connected with unwanted effects on the GHG balance. Also, overall effects of the use of CH4-reducing feed components are unclear. The important role of herd management on the GHG balances in dairy farming is highlighted. The accumulated project data shall serve as a basis for the development of GHG reduction potentials and for an improvement of other sustainability aspects in organic dairy farming

Untersuchungen zu B-Vitaminen in Getreide und Körnerleguminosen aus ökologischem Anbau

Vitamin B2 (B2) and vitamin B6 (B6) can largely affect animal health. Therefore, they are supplemented even to organic feedstuffs. Since there is a lack of information on their actual contents in feedstuffs, we analyzed some cereals and legumes for B2 and B6. The contents, especially of B6, were lower than expected when compared to literature values. Beans (Vicia faba L.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.) had higher B2 contents than barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Variety had an effect, especially in faba beans. Further studies should include additional feedstuffs

Schätzung von Inhaltsstoffen einheimischer Leguminosen mit Hilfe der Fourier-Transform Nah-Infrarot-Reflektions-Spektroskopie (NIRS)

Legumes as protein feedstuffs could solve the problems of protein supply in organic farming. To evaluate the quality of these feedstuffs the NIRS could be used to predict the main ingredients. The basic for a successful application of the NIRS are stable calibration equations for the prediction of the ingredients. Therefore reference analyses are necessary. In the presented investigation 200 legumes were analysed by classical chemical methods and also by NIRS. The measured reference data were used to develop NIRS equations. Using two-thirds of the samples as a calibration set and the remaining samples as a validation set NIRS equations were calculated by partial least square regression and different pretreatments of spectra. Prediction was satisfactory for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber. NIRS prediction was less accurate for crude ash. On the improvement of the NIRS equations should be further worked

Qualitätsuntersuchungen an ökologisch erzeugten Produkten

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Überblick über Methoden der Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie (NIRS) gegeben, die am Institut für Ökologischen Landbau in Trenthorst entwickelt und für die Bewertung ökologisch produzierter Futtermittel (Getreide und Körnerleguminosen), Ölsaaten (Raps) und für die Differenzierung ökologisch und konventionell erzeugter Milch eingesetzt wurden. Die Futterbewertung schließt sowohl die Analyse der Rohnährstoffe als auch die Energieschätzung ein. Hierfür wurden NIR-Kalibrationen auf Basis der Referenzanalytik entwickelt, die zufriedenstellende Schätzungen der Gehalte an Rohprotein, Rohfett, Stärke, Zucker und Energie (Schwein (ME), Nettoenergie-Laktation (NEL)) lieferten. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für Rohfaser, Rohasche und die Umsetzbare Energie fürs Geflügel war unbefriedigend. Die NIRS wurde für die Qualitätsbewertung von Raps geprüft, indem Kalibrationsgleichungen für die Vorhersage des Ölgehaltes und der Gehalte der Fettsäuren erstellt wurden. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine sehr gute Eignung der NIRS für diese Anwendung. Weiterhin wurde geprüft, ob mittels der NIRS der Nachweis der Produktionsweise von Milch möglich ist. Da die Zusammensetzung des Milchfettes wesentlich vom Futter abhängt, sollte eine Differenzierung der Milch über die Gehalte an ω3-Fettsäuren möglich sein. Die Gehalte an α-Linolen- (C18:3ω3) und Eicosapentaensäure (C20:5ω3) konnten mit einem geringen Schätzfehler der NIRS vorhergesagt werden. Es zeigten sich deutliche jahreszeitliche Schwankungen der Gehalte der ω3-Fettsäuren in den untersuchten Milchen, sowohl in den Biomilchen als auch in den konventionell erzeugten. Die Gehalte an ω3-Fettsäuren in den Biomilchen waren höher als in den konventionellen