Juvenile cemento-ossifying fibroma: a case report using modified Gallego’s staining

Juvenile cemento- ossifying fibroma is a rare benign but locally aggressive tumour with high recurrent potentials. The present study reports a case of juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma involving the maxilla of a 6year old boy reported with a chief complaint of painless swelling over right side of the cheek since six months without any significant etiological factor. Modified gallego’s staining had been used to differentiate hard tissue deposits in the lesional tissues which have not been implicated so far in any fibroosseous lesions which makes this report unique

Evaluation of Mitotic Figures and Cellular and Nuclear Morphometry of Various Histopathological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Comparative study using crystal violet and Feulgen stains

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to quantitatively estimate the number of mitotic figures (MFs) and evaluate the cellular and nuclear features of various histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using Feulgen and 1% crystal violet stains. Methods: This case-control study took place at the Dr D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, between June and December 2016. A total of 51 samples were retrieved from the hospital archives. Of these, 15 well-differentiated, 15 moderately-differentiated and six poorly-differentiated OSCC samples formed the case group while 15 samples of normal gingival mucosa constituted the control group. Each sample was dyed using Feulgen and 1% crystal violet stains and the mitotic count, nuclear area (NA), cellular area (CA), nuclear perimeter (NP), cellular perimeter (CP) and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio was calculated using computeraided morphometry techniques. Results: The number of MFs visible per field was significantly higher in Feulgen-stained sections as compared to those stained with crystal violet (P = 0.050). In addition, the NA, NP, CA and CP values and N/C ratios of samples in the experimental group increased significantly in accordance with an increase in OSCC grade (P <0.001). Conclusion: The Feulgen stain is more reliable than 1% crystal violet in terms of the selective staining of MFs. Moreover, the findings of this study indicate that computer-based morphometric analysis is an effective tool for differentiating between various grades of OSCC. Keywords: Crystal Violet; Feulgen Stain; Mitotic Index; Image Cytometry; Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Oral Cancers

Is Systemic (Interstitial Fluid) Acidosis an Initial Event in the Etiopathogenesis of Dental Caries? A Hypothesis

Introduction: Dental caries is a microbial disease which affects retentive areas of the teeth. It has shown significant increase in incidence and prevalence in modern population. Various theories have been postulated in an attempt to explain the etiopathogenesis of dental caries. Despite their popularity, there are many questions which various theories haven’t been able to answer. And still there is no definite cure for dental caries. Consequently, in most cases the process can’t be reversed. Therefore, to tackle this issue other risk factors involved in the etiopathogenesis need to be explored. The Hypothesis: It could be suggested that there might be additional systemic factors, e.g. systemic acidosis, in pathogenesis of dental caries, in addition to proven localized causative factors. Evaluation of the Hypothesis: Various hypotheses have been discussed, on the basis of histopathology, and various research articles. The demineralization of bone osteoporosis and tooth demineralization of dental caries have been correlated to evaluate the hypothesis. Few parameters have been added in the proven local factors of etiopathogenesis of dental caries

Oral leukoplakia: Transmission electron microscopic correlation with clinical types and light microscopy

Background: Leukoplakia, is a precancerous lesion that is most commonly encountered in the oral cavity. The grade of dysplasia is presumed to be the most important indicator of malignant potential. There are many promising aspects in advanced methods for the evaluation of oral precancer and cancer. Among these methods, electron microscopic examination predicts the true biologic potential more accurately than conventional histology and has some success in the early detection of potentially malignant lesions. It has been reported in the literature that there is some correlation between clinical, histopathological, and transmission electron microscopic features. Materials and Methods: In this cohort study (prospective research), from the total of 9 subjects, 3 had homogenous leukoplakia, 3 had ulcerative type of oral leukoplakia, and 3 had nodular type of oral leukoplakia. Two patients were selected as control patients. Transmission electron microscopic examination was carried for all the cases and controls. All the findings were correlated with clinical features and light microscopy. Results: Clinically and histologically, mild leukoplakia showed break in basement membrane, which can only be observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). Additional dysplastic features were observed under transmission electron microscope, which are indicative of neoplastic process. Conclusions: Thus, it is finally concluded that nodular leukoplakia seems to be the most severe clinical type of leukoplakia showing highest risk of malignant transformation. Homogenous leukoplakia might show break in basement membrane under TEM