Water quality and shellfish related gastrointestinal disease cases in Kota Bharu

Shellfish or to be specific, the family of freshwater mussels and the species known as Corbicula fluminea or in the local dialect recognized as “etak� is one of the food peculiar to Kelantan. “Etak� is a filter feeder. Therefore, a lot of pollutants could be accumulated in the “etak’s� tissues including pathogenic bacteria which are mainly contributed by improperly treated sewage discharged into the river. Besides direct contamination from the habitats, C. fluminea may also be contaminated during preparation and sale. The objective of this study is to identify the correlation between water quality, shellfish tissue contaminations and the cases of gastrointestinal diseases in Kota Bharu as well as to study the stage of bacteria contamination in the shellfish preparation cycle and to compare the bacteria concentration in river bed and selling points of shellfish. The methodology in this study involves water quality sampling and shellfish sampling, with lab analysis being done by accredited lab and secondary data was obtained from Department of Health, Kota Bharu regarding the cases of gastrointestinal diseases in Kota Bharu. There are two stages of shellfish sampling, the first stage is raw “etak� from the river bed and the second stage is process “etak�. Three sampling stations were chosen. Shellfish tissues were analyzed by bacteriology lab of Fisheries Research Institute located in Batu Maung, Penang and water quality analysis was performed by accredited laboratory. During the study, bacterial contamination in raw C. fluminea or “etak� was found to be high and exceeded the standard especially for Escherichia coli and Fecal coliform. Raw C. fluminea was found to be unsafe for consumption. Bacterial contamination in processed C. fluminea or “etak� was also found to be high but lesser in concentration as compared to raw one. Bacteria contamination occurred mainly in the river bed although contamination during the selling process is also possible. High concentrations of bacteria in the river result in high concentrations of bacteria in “etak� tissues and these could possibly lead to high gastrointestinal diseases in Kelantan, particularly in Kota Bharu

POLA PERTUMBUHAN DAN FAKTOR KONDISI IKAN LELE PANJANG (Clarias leiacanthus ) DI AEK SILOM-LOM, LABUHANBATU

This study was aimed at analyzing the growth patterns of catfish (Clarias leiacanthus) through the analysis of length weight relationships. The Condition Factor is calculated to determine the habitat conditions of the C. leiacanthus fish population. The research was carried out from October to December 2021 in the Aek Silom-lom River, South Labuhanbatu Regency. Measurement of fish length and weight and identification were carried out at the Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Labuhanbatu University. Samples were captured using fishing gear in the form of fishing rods. Growth pattern analysis refers to the Linear Allometric Model (MAL), the condition factor is calculated based on relative weight (Wr) and Fulton (K). The catch during the study was 54 catfish (C. leiacanthus) obtained from Aek Silom-lom. The results of measurements against the sample obtained that the total length range (TL) is 20-31 cm, and weight (W) 81-180 grams. Analysis of the linear allometric model explained that the growth pattern of catfish (C. leiacanthus) is negative allometric b=2.22 (b<3). The results of the condition factor analysis obtained a relative range (Wr) of 81.047 – 124.552 with an average of 88.01. Factor Analysis of Fulton's condition (K) found a K value of 0.84. Based on the value of the Fulton condition factor (K) it can be concluded that the waters of Aek Silom-lom are in a balanced state, and can support the life of long catfish (C. leiacanthus).This study was aimed at analyzing the growth patterns of catfish (Clarias leiacanthus) through the analysis of length-weight relationships. The Condition Factor is calculated to determine the habitat conditions of the C. leiacanthus fish population. The research was carried out from October to December 2021 in the Aek Silom-lom River, South Labuhanbatu Regency. Measurement of fish length and weight and identification were carried out at the Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Labuhanbatu University. Samples were captured using fishing gear in the form of fishing rods. Growth pattern analysis refers to the Linear Allometric Model (MAL), the condition factor is calculated based on relative weight (Wr) and Fulton (K). The catch during the study was 54 catfish (C. leiacanthus) obtained from Aek Silom-lom. The results of measurements against the sample obtained that the total length range (TL) is 20-31 cm, and weight (W) 81-180 g. Analysis of the linear allometric model explained that the growth pattern of catfish (C. leiacanthus) is negative allometric b=2.22 (b<3). The results of the condition factor analysis obtained a relative range (Wr) of 81.047 – 124.552 with an average of 88.01. Factor Analysis of Fulton's condition (K) found a K value of 0.84. Based on the value of the Fulton condition factor (K) it can be concluded that the waters of Aek Silom-lom are in a balanced state, and can support the life of long catfish (C. leiacanthus)

‘Sangu Akhirat’ Sebagai Gerakan Filantropi: Transformasi Bantuan Pembangunan Masjid Al-Amin Menjadi Dana Sosial Umat

The program ‘Sangu Akhirat’ is popularity by people of Sumber Gamol Village, Sleman. If we are variously from behind, ‘Sangu Akhirat’ program is a model of Muslim philanthropy movement who increasingly develops in the society of this country for old. For the early, this programs has been the purpose of cost salvage building mosque in 2007, but the next step when mosque building after finished is still existed until right now. Meanwhile, the programs have been changing of function become social cost since 2012. Hence, this article aims to explain the transforming develop from cost building mosque become social cost security for empowerment. For the step early, this paper is developing research of thesis for the graduate program, then this article cultivated to become a narrative field study with a qualitative approach. Data of this research has been treated through the interview process, observation, and documentation. Moreover, the data was cultivated by reduction data, display data, and conclusion. Based on field discovery, this article is twice part of the implementation program both interpretation and organizing steps and the application program. After the implementation of ‘Sangu Akhirat’ program, I am discovering of impact in the growth of mutual assistance spirit, increasingly of sympathy, and developing for spirit helping people in the village.Program ‘Sangu Akhirat’ dipopulerkan oleh masyarakat Dusun Sumber Gamol, Sleman. Jika ditelisik, ‘Sangu Akhirat’ masuk dalam gerakan filantropi Islam yang sudah tumbuh berkembang di tengah masyarakat negeri ini. Pada tahap awal, program ini bertujuan untuk menutupi biaya pembangunan masjid di tahun 2007, namun tahap selanjutnya ketika pembangunan masjid selesai, program ini masih memiliki eksistensi. Di mana eksistensi program ini berubah fungsi menjadi dana sosial umat sejak 2012. Dengan demikian, artikel ini menjelaskan tentang transformasi program bantuan pembangunan masjid Al-Amin Aminah Binti Saif menjadi dana sosial umat. Secara eksploratif, artikel ini menjelaskan lebih dalam tentang implementasi program ‘Sangu Akhirat’. Pada awalnya, kajian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan jenis kualitatif. Seiring dengan kebutuhan publikasi, maka hasil draft penelitian ini diolah menjadi sebuah artikel dengan analisis deskriptif. Data penelitian ini diolah dari proses wawancara, obsevasi, dan dokumentasi. Adapun data yang diperoleh melalui proses penyederhanaan dengan cara reduksi data, menyajikan data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan temuan lapangan, artikel ini di bagi menjadi dua implementasi program, yakni tahapan interpretasi, tahapan pengorganisasian, dan tahapan aplikasi. Setelah melalui tahap implementasi, penulis menemukan beberapa dampak dari program ini, antara lain: tumbuhnya semangat gotong royong,  meningkatnya rasa simpatik sesama masyarakat, dan berkembangnya rasa saling tolong menolong di masyarakat

Comparison between Male and Female in Best Management Practices for Tobacco Cultivators in Bachok District, Kelantan, Malaysia

Kelantan State recorded the highest in terms of acreage for tobacco plantation with consists of 77.94 %. Tobacco plantation was known to be the most risky job among Kelantanese due to extensive usage of pesticide and fertilizer. This study was conducted to identify the differences between male and female in Best Management Practices (BMPs) for tobacco cultivators in Bachok as well as to relate it with the fertilizers and pesticides related diseases in Bachok District, Kelantan, Malaysia. The results revealed that, the correlation between wearing proper PPEs and gender (p<0.05) and between chronic diseases and gender (p<0.05) were significant. Female cultivators they are more concern about their health compared to the male. Meanwhile, 49% of male and 25 % of female cultivators claimed that they had the acute illnesses. On the other hand, the health data in 2010 obtained from the Bachok District Health Center showed that, acute upper respiratory tract infections (19,641 cases) and other disease of the respiratory system (16,484 cases) recorded the highest cases followed by dermatitis (5,300 cases), conjunctivitis (2,582 cases), urticarial (1,689 cases), impetigo (1,387 cases), poisonings (548 cases), asthma (450 cases) and bronchitis (8 cases). It could be concluded that, the female planter are more health conscious and it is revealed in this findings where they wore PPEs at all times when dealing with chemicals

Penerapan model problem based learning berbantu media visual untuk meningkatkan minat dan hasil belajar IPA siswa Kelas V di SD Negeri 100706 Padang Lancat

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya minat belajar siswa terhadap pembelajaran IPA yang berdampak pada rendahnya hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh penggunaan model pembelajaran yang diterapkan masih bersifat konvensional dengan penerapan metode ceramah yang berpusat kepada guru sehingga hanya terjalin komunikasi satu arah. Hal ini menyebabkan siswa merasa bosan dan mengantuk saat pembelajaran berlangsung. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perkembangan atau peningkatan minat dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa melalui penerapan model problem based learning berbantu media visual pada pembelajaran IPA siswa kelas V di SD Negeri 100706 Padang Lancat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) kaloborasi dengan guru wali kelas. Instrument pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi, angket dan butir soal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di kelas V SD Negeri 100706 Padang Lancat, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning berbantu media visual dapat meningkatkan minat dan hasil belajar IPA siswa kelas V di SD Negeri 100706 Padang Lancat dari kondisi awal sampai siklus II. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan dari Peningkatkan minat dan hasil belajar peserta didik yang dilihat dari adanya peningkatkan nilai rata-rata dan persentase siswa yang tuntas mulai dari pra siklus sampai siklus II. Dari kondisi awal menjelaskan bahwa persentase minat belajar siswa dengan kategori baik sebesar 26,67%. Kemudian pada siklus I persentase minat belajar siswa dengan kategori baik meningkat menjadi 60%. Pada siklus II persentase minat belajar siswa dengan kategori baik dan sangat baik meningkat signifikasn mencapai 86,67%. Sedangkan untuk hasil belajar siswa, pada kondisi awal nilai rata-rata siswa keseluruhan adalah 67,8 dengan persentase ketuntasan 26,66%. Pada siklus I pertemuan 1 nilai rata-rata siswa keseluruhan 72,53 dengan persentase ketuntasan 40%. Pada siklus I pertemuan II rata-rata siswa keseluruhan 74,86 dan persentase ketuntasan 53,33%. Kemudian pada siklus II pertemuan 1 nilai rata-rata siswa keseluruhan 80,2 dengan persentase ketuntasan 73,33% sedangkan pada siklus II pertemuan II nilai rata-rata siswa keseluhan meningkat menjadi 86,48 dengan persentase ketuntasan 86,67%

Performance of Rambutan Seed Extracts as Iron and Manganese Removal in Drinking Groundwater well in Tanah Merah, Kelantan

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water supply espeacially in Kelantan due to shortage of clean surface water. However, groundwater quality is found to be high in hardness, salinity, and concentration of iron, manganese, ammonium and flouride especially at rural area in Kelantan. Therefore, groundwater should be treated before it can be used for domestic purposes. Currently, water treatment used chamicals for heavy metals removal although chemicals were known to be hazardous for human consumption. Thus, plant based material was proposed to give more environmental friendly approach for drinking water treatment especially groundwater. The objective of this study is to determine the performance of extracted rambutan seed in removal of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) from groundwater. Groundwater sample were collected from seleced wells in Tanah Merah district, Kelantan, Malaysia. Iron and manganese contents of groundwater samples were measured before and after the jar test in the laboratory by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). All water samples were tested with different concentration of rambutan seed cruded extracts. The experiments were carried out with coagulant dosage of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 mg/L with the interval of 1.0 mg/L. The results show that, Nephelium lappaceum seed can remove up to 91.38% of Fe in groundwater sample by using optimal dosage of l/L. The seed also able to remove up to 90.91% Mn in groundwater samples using the optimal dosage 5mg/L. The high removal rate for both iron and manganese reflected that rambutan seed has a potential to replace chemicals coagulant in water treatment. Hopefully with this finding, people will have access to reasonable price, clean and safe drinking water and the goverment can also save a few thousand ringgit for treatment expenses

Correlation between Soil Organic Matter, Total Organic Matter and Water Content with Climate and Depths of Soil at Different Land use in Kelantan, Malaysia

A total of four sites distributed in different soils of Kelantan State, Malaysia was identified for the study. Soils were collected by depth interval of 0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm. The correlation of soil organic matter (SOM) content, total organic carbon (TOC) content, water content and soils texture for industrial area at Pengkalan Chepa, township of Kota Bharu district, agricultural area at Banggu and forested area in UMK, Jeli were investigated. These data sets were also correlated to temporal event in Kelantan State. Correlation analysis indicated that,generally, SOM and TOC concentration and soil classes had a positive correlation with temporal patterns and no significance effects with depth of the soils. The relationships between SOM content, TOC content and clay + silt content, were also studied. The results showed that, SOM concentration was lower (P < 0.05) at Pengkalan Chepa area (1.96%) compared to Kota Bharu (2.06%), Banggu (2.77%) and Jeli (7.39%). At the same time, the TOC level also showed that Banggu area recorded the lowest concentration (0.42%) followed by Kota Bharu (0.71%), Pengkalan Chepa (0.76%) and Jeli (3.73%). The temporal factor (p < 0.05) showed that TOC content higher during dry season (1.76%) and lower during pre monsoon (0.48%) and lowest in monsoon season (0.25%). Similar results were obtained for SOM content, higher during dry season (4.00%) followed by pre monsoon (2.12%) and lowest in monsoon season (1.67%). The lowest TOC and SOM content in soil during monsoon season was believed to be due heavy rain which detaches all the organic matter from soil particles into river.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Dec., 2012, Vol. 16 (4) 353-35

Sediment size distribution at three rivers with different types of land use in Endau Catchment Area, Kluang, Johor, Malaysia

Land use along the river will determine the substrate size and distributions. Substrate particle size will influence aquatic life because substrate is one of the main components forming aquatic habitat. This aquatic habitat is very important in determining river water quality as well as river health. Therefore, identifying the sediment size distribution based on land use is very crucial in river maintenance. The objective of this study is to determine the particle size variation between upper reach and lower reach of the sampling station as well as variation from different land use cover at different sub-catchment areas. The pebble counts was conducted at upper reach station and lower reach station by applying the Pebble Count Protocols developed by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection and Wolmen Pebble Count Procedure. The average median (D50) for Dengar River ranged between 4.5 mm for upper portion and 2.4 mm for lower portion. Similar observations were found at the Mengkibol River, where particle size ranged between 3.0 mm for upper portion and 2.4 mm for lower portion. As for Madek River which represents land use area for logging activity, the results obtained were different in which the upper portion the particle size was smaller (D50 = 4.5 mm) than the lower portion (D50 = 41.5 mm). The finding of this study will be a basis for river catchment management study and can be used by river management authorities in the country for river management planning.Keyword: pebble count, sediment size, average median, fine gravel, very fine gravel, urban, oil palm, logging, land us

The impacts of monsoon and dry seasons on physical water quality changes and farmed Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) mortality at Sri Tujuh lagoon, Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia

This study aimed to monitor the water quality in Sri Tujuh lagoon during monsoon and dry seasons, as well as the impact of the two seasons on the production of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). The water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved solid of Sri Tujuh lagoon were assessed using water samples collected from 13 sampling points at 1ft, 4ft and 7ft water depth during dry season (March-August 2014) and monsoon (September-November 2014). Fish mortality was recorded from Asian seabass farmers in the lagoon. Water quality data during dry seasoon and monsoon was compared using T-Test and data from 3 different depths was analysed by using One Way Anova followed by Tukey test at p < 0.05. The water parameters in dry season, monsoon season, combination of dry and monsoon season were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis separately and a matrix was tabulated. Water parameters were also subjected to cluster analysis by using Ward’s method with squared Euclidean distances as a measure of similarity. In the present study Ward’s method was used ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc in order to minimize the sum of squares. The result was represented by a dendrogram. The findings of the present study showed water parameters such as DO, salinity and turbidity were significantly different between dry and monsoon seasons. However no significant difference was found in term of fish mortality. The water parameters of Sri Tujuh lagoon during the study were as follow: temperature 29.4-33.3 oC; pH 7.0-9.3; DO 0.8-6.8 mg L -1 ; salinity 10.7-31.3 ppt; conductivity 17.5-50.5 µs cm-1 ; turbidity 5.4-59.8 NTU; TDS 23.3-32 ppt. The fish mortality was recorded ranging from 9.3 to 15.5% from March to November, 2014. The positive and significance (p < 0.01) correlation was recorded between temperature and pH (0.434), temperature and DO (0.472), DO and pH (0.315), salinity and pH (0.615), conductivity and pH (0.595), conductivity and salinity (0.992), TDS and pH (0.340), TDS and salinity (0.322) and TDS and conductivity (0.322). Fish mortality showed no correlation with all water parameters changing in the whole study at Sri Tujuh lagoon. Based on the water parameter records from 13 sampling stations, the sampling stations can be divided into 5 clusters. Cluster 1 possesses the greatest number of stations namely S3, S4, S6, S7, S8, S11 and S12 whereas Cluster 2 has S1, S10 and S13. Only one station was found in the Cluster 3 (S5), Cluster 4 (S2) and Cluster 5 (S9). Based on the findings of the present study, Sri Tujuh lagoon can be considered as one of the best places to conduct aquaculture activities in Kelantan

Shear joints and its relations with subsurface structures in Batu Melintang, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia

Shear joint is the common rock deformation structures formed in Batu Melintang, Jeli due to its location within Bentong-Raub Suture zone. The structural analysis of shear joint can give information about the direction of maximum and minimum stress exerted on a rock while undergoing deformation as the effect of stress fields in the study area. The subsurface structural analysis is done by using the geophysical resistivity method. It displays the subsurface structure in the area for confirmation of the structure found on the surface whether it is highly fractured, moderately fractured or low fractured. The research area was divided into six grids for systematic field measurement. The shear joints orientation were taken while conducting geological mapping and recorded using rose diagram analysis; while the geophysical resistivity method was carried out with a varied length of survey lines set at 200/100m and 1.25/2.5/5m electrode spacing. The subsurface depth of penetration for each survey line is varied, ranging from 0m to 50m. The data is processed in RES2DINV software to obtain the pseudosection profile of the subsurface. The study area principal stress was identified; the maximum stress force ?1 was directed in NW-SE in direction of S107°E and N287°W, while minimum stress ?3 was directed in NE-SW in direction of N17°E and S197°W. The pseudosection subsurface image also displayed a correlation between surface shear joint structures and subsurface structures. The subsurface investigation; according to the pseudosection found that the study area consists of highly fractured structure displayed as several weak zones and fractures of bedrock