Relationships of chemical composition, quantity of milt to fertility and hatchability of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).

The biochemical composition of milt and the effect of its varying quantity on fertility and hatchability of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) eggs were investigated. The study aimed at determining the right quantity of milt that can be used to fertilize certain quantity of eggs. The study further examined the effect of varying volume of milt on the water quality during the incubation of C. gariepinus eggs in order to provide baseline information on chemical composition, which can be used as a basis for sperm-mediated gene transfer. Result obtained from this study showed that 0,035ml of milt gave the best hatchability 2041±90.9, while 0.175ml of milt gave the least hatchability 1341± 384.2 .There was a positive significant correlation between the quantity of milt used and hatchability (P< 0.05) and there was a significant difference among the treatments and within the hour of the experiment (P< 0.05). The investigation revealed that the quantity of milt used for artificial reproduction in fish significantly affect water quality used for incubation (P <0.05). The higher the quantity of milt, the lower the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level, there was equally a buildup of pollutants as the quantity of milt increased. Biochemical analysis of milt showed that glucose at a concentration of 8585±6.05mg/l is the major organic substance that supplies the spermatozoa with energy. Sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes with 113:7±0.88 mg/l and 100± 1.73mg/l respectively and the pH of the milt was 6.2±0.17mg/l. The albumin content was low, with a mean value of 1.3±0.9mg/l. The glucose level was high having a mean value of 85.0±6.08mg/l and the cholesterol level was equally high with a mean value of 188.0± 13.67mg/l. The triglyceride content of the milt was high having a value of 202±19.88mg/l. The highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol was low, with a mean value of 13± 6.01 when compared with the low density lipoprotein cholesterol which had a mean value of 134 ± 11.37. There was low motility of sperm in fish milt which may be due to a number of factors ranging from exposure to light, to low pH and aerobic breakdown of glucose to supply energy for the spermatozoan (which is very low)

Evaluation of Nutritional Quality and Haematological Parameters of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Lam Leaves in the Diet of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of Moringa oleifera leaves on the growth performance and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Five treatments were used and 10 Clarias gariepinus juveniles with mean weight (19.00±0.50g) per tank each in triplicate. The five treatment tanks were fed with five isonitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein with varying inclusion of Moringa oleifera (control diet with 0% Moringa oleifera, 4.1g Moringa oleifera inclusion, 8.2g Moringa oleifera inclusion, 12.3g Moringa oleifera inclusion and 16.39g Moringa oleifera inclusion). The fishes were fed twice daily for an experimental period of 12 weeks. The fish in tank T (4.1g inclusion of Moringa oleifera) had the best weight gain with 2 range 27.67±0.60. The specific growth rate was highest in fish in tank T (0.96±0.01). The fish fed 2 4.1g M.oleifera inclusion had the best feed conversion ratio (1.36±0.03). The highest feed intake (15.11±0.00) was found in fish fed with 4.1g M.oleifera inclusion. The protein efficiency ratio was higher in fish fed with 4.1g M. oleifera with range 1.83±0.04. Percentage weight gain was higher in fish fed 4.1g M. oleifera with range 142.00±3.06.There was no significant difference in the growth performance of all the treatment. No mortality was recorded in all experimental tanks. The Fish fed with M. oleifera showed increase in the haematological values of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), (27.38±3.06), Haemoglobin, (HGB), (8.33 ±1.01), Red blood cell, (RBC), (2.48±0.21) and white blood cell, (WBC), (220.56±9.75) compared to the values of fish fed control diet with PCV (13.87±9.40), HGB (5.03±2.70), RBC (1.25±0.85) and WBC (149.60±64.28). The white blood cell (WBC) shows no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) among the fish in tanks T , T , T , and T (25%, 1 2 3 4 50%, 75% and 100% inclusion of M. oleifera respectively) but they were significantly different(P&lt;0.05) from the fish in the tank T (control tank).There was reduction in the haematological 0 values of the fish fed M.oleifera diet with Mean cell haemoglobin concentration, (MCHC), (28.90±6.62) and the Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin, (MCH) (32.64±7.32) compared to the values of fish fed the control diet with MCHC (39.24±13.98) and MCH (44.00±17.12). It was concluded that using M.oleifera leaves as feed for Clarias gariepinus enhances the growth of the fish and has no negative impact on the health status of the fish. Therefore partial replacement of feed with M.oleifera should be encouraged.Keywords: Bio indicator, Heamatology, Moringa oleifera, Clarias gariepinu

Haematological Indices and Enzymatic Biomaker of Black Jaw Tilapia (Sarotherodon Melanotheron) from Lagos Lagoon

The increases in industrial activities and rapid urban development which occur along the shores of the lagoon have resulted in serious pollution problems. The release of wastes containing hazardous substances and dumping of waste indiscriminately into water bodies could lead to environmental disturbance that might be considered a potential source of stress to the aquatic organism. A toxicological study was carried out to ascertain the effects of aquatic pollutants in the blood of Sarotherodon melanotheron at the Lagos lagoon for a period of three months. Four enzymatic biomarkers were analysed which include protein, superoxide dismutase, Malondialdehyde and Reduced Glutathione. Water sample were collected from Lagos Lagoon and analyzed.The differential counts of Haematological indices such as Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCHC), were investigated. The lipid peroxidation and antioxidant biomarkers in the blood of S. melanotheron showed a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05). The mean value recorded for Haemoglobin was 39.78±14.43g/L, PCV was 0.16±0.16L/L, RBC was 2.13±1.47T/L, WBC 6.22±2.66G/L while the Mean corpuscular volume was 73.39fl, MCH was 24.57±11.07pg, MCHC was 344.19±24.04L/L. Also the mean value Lymphocyte was 70.78±6.53% and Monocyte was 0.39±0.69% while 0% was recorded for Eosinophil and Basophil. Air temperature, water temperature, Salinity, pH, conductivity, Turbidity and dissolved oxygen had a mean value of 25.75±1.44°c, 25.17±0.75°c, 0.15±0.1‰, 6.13±0.82, 3.60±1.49mS/cm, 31.0±8.37FTU, 1.60±0.26mg/l respectively. Also the mean value of alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand are 68.07±22.92mg/l, 6.77±3.90mg/l, 0.53±0.55mg/l,0.84±0.37mg/l, 307.67±27.30mg/l and117.19±14.61mg/l respectively. Environmental factors such as low dissolved oxygen, high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of this study may be implicated as the possible cause of alteration in the haematological characteristics of S. melanotheron in this study. This study indicates that there was an alteration in haematological profile, antioxidant enzyme and lipid peroxidase activities in S. melanotheron blood which may cause biochemical dysfunction in this specie. All these result provide a useful tool in monitoring the condition and state of health of fish by knowing the normal value with respect to their responses to stress which affects body metabolism.Keywords: Biomarker, Sarotherodon melanotheron, Haematology, Lagos Lagoo

Injuries in male and female semi-professional football (soccer) players in Nigeria: prospective study of a National Tournament

BACKGROUND: Research on the epidemiology of football injuries in Africa is very sparse despite its importance for injury prevention planning in a continent with limited sports medicine resources. The vast majority of studies available in literature were conducted in Europe and only a very few studies have prospectively reported the pattern of football injury in Africa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and pattern of injuries in a cohort of male and female semi-professional football players in Nigeria. METHODS: A prospective cohort design was conducted, in which a total of 756 players with an age range of 18–32 years (356 males and 300 females) from 22 different teams (12 male and 10 female teams), were prospectively followed in a National Football Tournament. Physiotherapists recorded team exposure and injuries. Injuries were documented using the consensus protocol for data collection in studies relating to football injury surveillance. RESULTS: An overall incidence of 113.4 injuries/1000 h (95% CI 93.7–136.0) equivalent to 3.7 injuries/match and time-loss incidence of 15.6 injuries/1000 h were recorded for male players and 65.9 injuries/1000 h (95% CI 48.9–86.8) equivalent to 2.2 injuries/match and time-loss incidence of 7.9 injuries/1000 h were recorded for female players. Male players had a significantly higher risk of injuries [IRR = 1.72 (95% CI 1.23–2.45)]. Injuries mostly affected the lower extremity for both genders (n = 81, 70% and n = 31, 62% for males and females respectively). Lower leg contusion (n = 22, 19%) and knee sprain (n = 9, 18%) were the most common specific injury types for male and female players respectively. Most of the injuries were as a result of contact with another player (n = 102, 88%—males; n = 48, 96%—females). Time-loss injuries were mostly estimated as minimal (n = 11, 69%) for male players and severe (n = 4, 66%) for female players. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of injuries among Nigerian semi-professional football players is high but most of the injuries do not result in time-loss. Pattern of injuries is mostly consistent with previous studies. More prospective studies are needed to establish injury prevention initiatives among African players

Relationships Of Chemical Composition, Quantity Of Milt To Fertility And Hatchability Of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The biochemical composition of milt and the effect of its varying quantity on fertility and hatchability of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) eggs were investigated. The study aimed at determining the right quantity of milt that can be used to fertilize certain quantity of eggs. The study further examined the effect of varying volume of milt on the water quality during the incubation of C. gariepinus eggs in order to provide baseline information on chemical composition, which can be used as a basis for sperm-mediated gene transfer. Result obtained from this study showed that 0,035ml of milt gave the best hatchability 2041±90.9, while 0.175ml of milt gave the least hatchability 1341± 384.2 .There was a positive significant correlation between the quantity of milt used and hatchability (P< 0.05) and there was a significant difference among the treatments and within the hour of the experiment (P< 0.05). The investigation revealed that the quantity of milt used for artificial reproduction in fish significantly affect water quality used for incubation (P <0.05). The higher the quantity of milt, the lower the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level, there was equally a buildup of pollutants as the quantity of milt increased. Biochemical analysis of milt showed that glucose at a concentration of 8585±6.05mg/l is the major organic substance that supplies the spermatozoa with energy. Sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes with 113:7±0.88 mg/l and 100± 1.73mg/l respectively and the pH of the milt was 6.2±0.17mg/l. The albumin content was low, with a mean value of 1.3±0.9mg/l. The glucose level was high having a mean value of 85.0±6.08mg/l and the cholesterol level was equally high with a mean value of 188.0± 13.67mg/l. The triglyceride content of the milt was high having a value of 202±19.88mg/l. The highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol was low, with a mean value of 13± 6.01 when compared with the low density lipoprotein cholesterol which had a mean value of 134 ± 11.37. There was low motility of sperm in fish milt which may be due to a number of factors ranging from exposure to light, to low pH and aerobic breakdown of glucose to supply energy for the spermatozoan (which is very low)

Sustainable Fish Production In Africa

Fish farming is today considered an important source of production for meeting world′s increasing demand for protein. Fish is an important source of good quality protein required in human diet. It has the highest level of easily metabolisable high quality protein, fats, vitamins, calcium, iron and essential amino acids when compared with other sources of animal protein such as poultry and beef. Fish consumption is highly relished among people of all classes and ages in that the fish is less tough and more digestible when compared to beef, mutton chicken and bush meat. This is due to the greater ratio of muscle protein to connective tissue protein in relation to other animals. Fish possesses excellent amino acid balance with high digestibility percentage of about 87 - 98% compared to 87 - 90% recorded for beef and poultry. In addition, fish is very important to the developing world population as it is the major source of cheap high quality animal proteins which are very vital for healthy development. Fish production is relatively inexpensive when compared with other sources of animal protein such as cattle, pig and poultry. In view of the facts that most of the health related problems in developing world such as abnormal development, reduction in human productivity, high incidence of infant mortality, malnutrition and diseases have been attributed to low intake of good quality animal protein, this has made production of fish very imperative to the good health of the nations in the developing world. Fish farming has a lot of potentials to sustainable development. Fish as a source of rich food for the poor can play a crucial role in improving the food security and nutritional status of the millions of the people in Africa and other developing part of the world. The present low level of fish production in Africa can be increased sustainatially by adapting a technological shift from extensive to intensive system of production as is the trend in developed countries

Effects of malachite green concentration on heamatological parameters of the African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus).

Le poisson chat d’Afrique (Clarias gariepinus) a été exposé à 0.0, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, 2.0 et 4.5mg / l de la concentration de vert de malachite. La concentration létale (LC5O) du vert de malachite a été 0.38mg / l après 96h d’exposition. L'effet de la concentration sous létale du vert de malachite (0.19mg / l) sur la composition du sang du Clariasgariepinus (Burchell) a été également étudiée pendant les 96 h d’exposition sous un test biologique semi statique. Les effets de cette substance sur les paramètres sanguins du poisson, la valeur moyenne corpusculaires (MCV), la moyenne de hémoglobine corpusculaire (MCHC),l e volume de hématocrite (PCV) hémoglobine (Hb), de globules rouges (RBC) et de globules blancs (WBC) ont été enregistrées, et on a noté unediminution de HB, RBC,PCV et WBC dans le poisson et une forte augmentation du MCV, MCH, et MCHC Les changements dans les valeur hématologique ont montré que les poissons traités au vert de malachite a une concentration sous létaux sont subissent des changements métaboliques pour surmonter les effets toxiques du stress et survivredans l'environnement pollué.African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) was exposed to 0.0, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, 2.0, and 4.5mg/l concentration of malachite green. The lethal concentration (LC5O) value of malachite green was 0.38mg/l for 96h of exposure. The effect of sub lethal concentrations of malachite green (0.19mg/l) on blood composition of the Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) was also investigated under semi-static bioassays during 96h exposure. The effects of this chemical on the following fish blood parameters, meancorpuscular value (MCV), mean corpuscular heamoglobin (MCHC), packed cell volume (PCV) heamoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) were recorded on the sub lethal concentration of 0.19mg/l at 96h exposure. There were decreases in HB, RBC, PCV and WbC in the fish at sub lethal concentration. Malachite green showed significant increase in MCV, MCH, and MCHC at 96h sub lethal exposure. The changesin heamatological examinations showed that fish treated with malachite green at sub lethal level are faced with a serious metabolic crisis and shifts to alternative methods of metabolism to overcome the toxic stress and maintain its survival in the polluted environment

Relationships Of Chemical Composition, Quantity Of Milt To Fertility And Hatchability Of Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The biochemical composition of milt and the effect of its varying quantity on fertility and hatchability of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) eggs were investigated. The study aimed at determining the right quantity of milt that can be used to fertilize certain quantity of eggs. The study further examined the effect of varying volume of milt on the water quality during the incubation of C. gariepinus eggs in order to provide baseline information on chemical composition, which can be used as a basis for sperm-mediated gene transfer. Result obtained from this study showed that 0,035ml of milt gave the best hatchability 2041±90.9, while 0.175ml of milt gave the least hatchability 1341± 384.2 .There was a positive significant correlation between the quantity of milt used and hatchability (P< 0.05) and there was a significant difference among the treatments and within the hour of the experiment (P< 0.05). The investigation revealed that the quantity of milt used for artificial reproduction in fish significantly affect water quality used for incubation (P <0.05). The higher the quantity of milt, the lower the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level, there was equally a buildup of pollutants as the quantity of milt increased. Biochemical analysis of milt showed that glucose at a concentration of 8585±6.05mg/l is the major organic substance that supplies the spermatozoa with energy. Sodium and chloride are the major electrolytes with 113:7±0.88 mg/l and 100± 1.73mg/l respectively and the pH of the milt was 6.2±0.17mg/l. The albumin content was low, with a mean value of 1.3±0.9mg/l. The glucose level was high having a mean value of 85.0±6.08mg/l and the cholesterol level was equally high with a mean value of 188.0± 13.67mg/l. The triglyceride content of the milt was high having a value of 202±19.88mg/l. The highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol was low, with a mean value of 13± 6.01 when compared with the low density lipoprotein cholesterol which had a mean value of 134 ± 11.37. There was low motility of sperm in fish milt which may be due to a number of factors ranging from exposure to light, to low pH and aerobic breakdown of glucose to supply energy for the spermatozoan (which is very low)

Sustainable Fish Production In Africa

Fish farming is today considered an important source of production for meeting world′s increasing demand for protein. Fish is an important source of good quality protein required in human diet. It has the highest level of easily metabolisable high quality protein, fats, vitamins, calcium, iron and essential amino acids when compared with other sources of animal protein such as poultry and beef. Fish consumption is highly relished among people of all classes and ages in that the fish is less tough and more digestible when compared to beef, mutton chicken and bush meat. This is due to the greater ratio of muscle protein to connective tissue protein in relation to other animals. Fish possesses excellent amino acid balance with high digestibility percentage of about 87 - 98% compared to 87 - 90% recorded for beef and poultry. In addition, fish is very important to the developing world population as it is the major source of cheap high quality animal proteins which are very vital for healthy development. Fish production is relatively inexpensive when compared with other sources of animal protein such as cattle, pig and poultry. In view of the facts that most of the health related problems in developing world such as abnormal development, reduction in human productivity, high incidence of infant mortality, malnutrition and diseases have been attributed to low intake of good quality animal protein, this has made production of fish very imperative to the good health of the nations in the developing world. Fish farming has a lot of potentials to sustainable development. Fish as a source of rich food for the poor can play a crucial role in improving the food security and nutritional status of the millions of the people in Africa and other developing part of the world. The present low level of fish production in Africa can be increased sustainatially by adapting a technological shift from extensive to intensive system of production as is the trend in developed countries

Effect of Allium sativum on growth, feed utilization and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus juvenile

Global wild fisheries are in decline, it is therefore important to domesticate fish production to meet the protein need of the society with the view to use natural herb to achieve sustainable production. The effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum) supplement in fish diet on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus Juvenile was  investigated. Fifteen tanks were used and 10 Clarias gariepinus Juvenile with mean weight (51.41 ± 0.23) were separated into five experimental group. Diet T5 contain 0g Allium sativum (control diet) while other group contain 1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g and 2.5g concentrations of garlic in diet and fed at 3% body weight per day . Result shows that Allium sativum  supplemented diets have significant effect on weight gain of C. gariepinus when compared to fish in the control diet. However, final fish weight was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than the initial fish weight in all concentrations of garlic in fish diet and in the control. Fish fed with 1.5g of Allium sativum diet had higher weight gain than fish in the rest of the treatment groups and the controls. The RBC, PCV and Hb were however, significantly higher in fish fed 0g of garlic supplemented diets than other concentrations. Plasma protein was observed to increase significantly (P&lt;0.05) only in fish fed 0g and 2.5g garlic in diet. All blood parameter obtained were between  the range of recommended fish blood. The values recorded for liver enzymes, the AST, ALT and ALP were within their normal range when  compared with the control except for treatment T4 with 2.5g of Allium sativum which had its AST, ALT and AST higher than its control at the end of 90days. Result shows that Allium sativum has no negative effect on fish when included in fish feed within the right concentration. Result also shows that fish blood electrolytes such as (Na, K, CL and HCO3) were within their normal range. Allium sativum inclusion in fish diet at (1.5g/kg)  concentration is therefore beneficial for use in aquaculture to enhance fish resistance to disease of C. gariepinus.Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, Allium sativum, haematological parameters, hepatic enzyme