A Miniature Implanted Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application

A miniature implanted Hilbert inverted-F antenna design at the 1.575 GHz; global positioning system (GPS) frequency is proposed, which can be used to track the location of its user, e.g., the elderly with declining mental capacity (alzheimer\u27s disease). A detailed parametric study of the antenna design is performed by considering it to be implanted within a human muscle model. The effects of the substrate, superstrate, and the nearby muscle tissue on antenna performance are carefully investigated. A laboratory prototype of the antenna was built and tested within a muscle equivalent fluid indicating good VSWR performance. Finally the said antenna when placed within the tissue equivalent fluid was also tested to track GPS satellites with the help of a low noise amplifier (LNa). Such field measurements demonstrate that the antenna can easily lock into six or more satellites which are more than enough to determine the location of a person

Development of land value algorithm for establishing an effective cadastral system in Erbil City

Land value is one of the economic issues of cadastral systems which is the base of sustainable urban and regional planning. The current paper concerns the estimation of the land values according to many essential factors, which are adopted as ten variables generally. Among these ten parameters, the frontage of the parcel (width), the value of rent, the width of streets, and the level of services represent the most effective parameters that play the main role in process of land price estimation over the Erbil City. The current research introduces the nature of land values and their homogeneous distribution and evaluates the suggested algorithm of land price estimation as one of the efficient factors that affect the national economic situation. The data collection was done for 100 parcels in different locations within the Erbil city boundary, which is being selected to apply the linear multiple regression equation to find the coefficients of the effective factors and to define the correlation between them. The obtained results of the linear multiple regression equation show that the level of existing services and the value of the rent have the maximum effect among these four factors, and they have the maximum correlation with the land price, whereas the road’s width has the minimum correlation among them. The worked-out algorithm for land price estimation (which is a vital issue of the modern cadastral systems), is recommended to be applied by the institutions and organizations concerning the land prices and land taxes task

Optimization of the Urban Green Area in Erbil Territory for Sustainable Development

This research paper studies the status and condition of the green areas in the city of Erbil, for this purpose all green areas in the city (763 plots) and all population number according to 12 sectors are collected according to their locations and are analyzed spatially by GIS program (Moran I). The researchers have proved that distribution of green areas is random. Moreover, this distribution is not based on the urban planning basics and its criteria: green area per person (GAPP) and green area to the city ratio (GAR) also not based on the basics of urban planning for two criteria , GAPP is optimized from 9.3 to 14 and GAR optimized from 0.06 to 0.09 while the equilateral tringle adopted as optimum distribution for green area units GAU, for 12 sectors adopted combined standards together and the solution was the population density ratio must be 0.01 or less, to obtain criteria and this must preserved and adhered to the planning and laws and regulations strictly. This method can be applied to the study of the spatial distribution in order to compare it with the distribution of schools, health centers and other services or infrastructures

Flexural and Shear Performance of the Reinforced Beams made of Geopolymer Concrete: A review

Geopolymer is known to have many structural and nonstructural benefits, but the attractive characteristic of this novel material is that it depends essentially on a byproduct from different industries, and the use of Portland cement is absent. This concrete is an environmentally friendly product and is essential as the sustainability issue is considered. Compared with the material properties, the behavior of reinforced concrete members made of geopolymer has gained less importance by past researchers. Therefore, this review paper aims to summarize the evidence of the structural behavior of geopolymer concrete beams to provide a better understanding of the characteristics of reinforced geopolymer beams. A total of sixteen published works on geopolymer beams reinforced with steel rebar have been reviewed, and it found that there are 83 beams tested in flexure and 29 beams tested to highlight the shear behavior. For comparison, some researchers have tested control beams made of Portland cement concrete (PCC). It is noted that geopolymer concrete (GPC) beams have a performance, in general, better than that of PCC beams in terms of strength and ductility. Design proposals for PCC beams could be safely used for GPC beams, and the software based on the finite element method accurately predicts the load-deflection response. However, further study is recommended to provide more detailed and cost-effective design methodologies for the potential use of GPC in large-scale field applications