Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point (SP6) on labor pain and delivery time in nulliparous women

زمینه و هدف: استفاده از عوامل بی هوشی و بی حسی جهت تسکین درد زایمان اغلب باعث عوارضی در مادر و نوزاد می گردد. شیوه های غیر دارویی مانند طب فشاری در کاهش درد زایمان موثر می باشد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر فشار در نقطه سانینجیائو بر شدت درد و مدت زایمان در زنان نخست زا بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تعداد 60 خانم حامله نخست زا انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه فشار و تماس در نقطه سانینجیائو تقسیم شدند. برای انجام مداخله با شروع هر انقباض، کمک پژوهشگردر گروه مورد با انگشتان شست خود روی نقطه سانینجیائو در هر دو پای مددجو (چهار انگشت بالای برجستگی قوزک داخلی پا) فشار وارد می نمود و در گروه شاهد انگشتان با نقطه سانینجیائو تماس داشتند. شدت درد پایه با استفاده از مقیاس سنجش درد (VAS) در دیلاتاسیون های4، 6، 8 و 10 سانتی متر سرویکس در هر دو گروه اندازه گیری شد. اطلاعات پس از جمع آوری به کمک پرسشنامه و با استفاده از آزمون های آماری توصیفی و استنباطی (کای اسکوئر و تی تست) تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: میانگین شدت درد بعد از مداخله در گروه مورد در دیلاتاسیون های 4، 6 و 8 سانتی متر به طور معنی دار کمتر از گروه کنترل بود (001/0

Incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in children less than 5 years age in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand: Review

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia in children and adults, including the elderly, and is responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aim of this paper to review published articles on incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in children less than 5 years of age in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, and compare the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis among the children in the three courtiers. Literature searches were conducted using google scholar, PubMed, the World Health Organization (WHO) website of the Weekly Epidemiological Record, and the countries' Ministry of Health (MOH) website, and were limited to articles written in English. All relevant publications/abstracts published/presented during the period December 2000 through March 2014. Searches were conducted from April 1, 2014, till July 11, 2014 using various combinations of the following search terms " Pneumococcal diseases" OR "meningococcal" OR "pneumococcal meningitis" OR "meningococcus". A total of five articles and abstracts described the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis among children 5 years old. These five documents include two conference abstracts from Malaysia, one published paper from Singapore and two published papers from Thailand. The Malaysian, Singaporean and Thai pneumococcal meningitis incidence rate was 3.8-8.6, 2.3 and 0.10-1.8 per 100,000 children respectively. Our review confirmed that the incidence rate of pneumococcal meningitis was vary among the countries. The highest incidence rate of pneumococcal meningitis was found in Malaysia followed by Singapore and Thailand

Prevalence of Home Smoking Bans and its Determinants in Families with Infants

Background Exposure to cigarette smoke has numerous health risks for infants and children. Home smoking ban is a simple way to reduce the detrimental impacts of cigarette smoke. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking bans in homes as well as associated factors in families with infants in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods This study was a population-based cross-sectional survey on 1,112 families with infants, selected through stratified-cluster sampling. In this study, a researcher made questionnaire including four parts: sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, smoking restrictions, and parental awareness and belief, was completed. The multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between smoking bans in homes and associated factors. Results Complete smoking ban in homes was 37.3%. In the multivariable logistic regression, cigarette smoking ban in homes was significantly higher for employed mothers (odds ratio [OR] = 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-7.2, P<0.001), for those who did not have any smoker friends or relatives (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3-4.4, P<0.001), for those smoking a smaller number of cigarettes (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4-5.3, P=0.003), and for parents who concurred with the impacts of thirdhand cigarette smoke on infant health (OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.4-14.9, P<0.001). Conclusion This study indicates that complete smoking ban is not established in many households with infants in Iran. Furthermore, it is necessary to perform health interventions for reducing infant exposure to cigarette smoke, while considering the factors associated with smoking ban. Keyword

The Hepatotoxic Effects of Stachys Lavandulifolia Vahl on Wistar Rat

Background and purpose: Stachys lavandulifolia is a plant commonly used for many diseases. But so far there is no report indicating its toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable hepatoxicity of S. lavandulifolia extract on Wistar rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 100 Wistar rats (about 250gr, 8-12 weeks old) were randomly divided into 10 groups (8 groups as case and 2 groups as control). They were intraperitoneally injected with S. lavandulifolia extract with doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200mg/kg per day for 28 days. Afterwards, the serum parameters level (ALP, AST, ALT) and pathological samples were evaluated and compared in four case group and one control group after 28 days and other groups after one month. Results: On the first month there was significant increase on AST level only in 200mg/kg dose while ALP level significantly increased in all doses (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among all doses regarding their effects on the increase of liver enzymes (P>0.05). On the second month, the changes in liver enzymes were almost the same as first month, except 150mg/kg dose that significantly increased the AST level compared to control group and also this dose significantly increased the ALP level compared to 100mg/kg dose (P<0.05). In examining liver samples obtained from rats in the first and second months, necrotic inflammatory reactions and fibrotic lesions significantly increased compared to control group (P<0.001). In the first month we also found that there was significant difference between higher doses (150 and 200mg/kg) and lower doses (50 and 100mg/kg) regarding their effects on hepatic lesion (P<0.05). Conclusion: Since the extract of S. lavandulifolia causes toxicity it should be consumed with caution in people with underlying cholestatic diseases

Economic impact of surgery cancellation in a general hospital, Iran

Background: Cancellation of surgical procedures creates a financial burden to health providers and patients. It also causes a potential emotional stress and a negative impact on perception of quality of care. It should be a priority to identify risks of surgery cancellations in view of modification to assure timely and efficient delivery of care.Objective: To identify and estimate costs borne by cancelation of elective surgeries in a general hospital.Methods: Data were collected from a general hospital of social security organization of Iran. In-patient medical records were reviewed for all patients scheduled for elective surgeries in a period of 1 year, starting from 21st of March 2011 to 20th of March 2012. The costing data were collected in 2014. Patients undergoing out-patient surgery and emergency surgical procedures were excluded from the study.Results: During the study period, 14,687 cases were scheduled to undergo inpatient elective surgical procedures. Of those 274 cases were cancelled, among the cancelled cases, 242 were cancelled during the preparation in the surgery ward and 32 cases were cancelled in operation room. The total cost of surgery cancellation was US$92, 049.0. Out of this: US$ 42,668.0 (46.4%) was related to bed expense; 32,363.0$US (35.1$ 16,569 (18.5%) was related to physician visits.Conclusion: The study demonstrated that cost of surgery cancelation was considerably high in the studied general hospital. More than half of the cost (62.1%) of surgery cancelation was due to avoidable reasons. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2016;30(2):92-95]Keywords: Cost of illness; Cost of Cancelation; Direct Cost; Surgery Cancelation Cos

A Comparative Study of the most significant Components of Romanticism in the Poems of Louis Aragon and Ahmad Shamloo

Introduction    Literary schools and their varied forms are the result of the alliance between society and literary texts. The dynamic, evolving and constantly changing society of the West has provided the grounds for the emergence of various literary schools; A concept that is not very common in the East in general and in our land, Iran. However, the salient feature of the contemporary world: its "ruralization", in other words, the expansion of media and cultural relations, is itself a ground for familiarity and, consequently, the expansion of literary schools in various geographical-cultural realms. Thus, by quoting literary texts, both in our culture and in the West, harmonies and homogeneities can be achieved; The result of what we have said is this: a comparative study of literary schools with the texts of Persian literature is a necessary enterprise in order to increase literary knowledge and through it, to better understand a person in different historical periods and different fields of thought.   2. Methodology This study is based on the descriptive analysis method by using library research and studying the most significant components of romanticism in the poems of Louis Aragon and Ahmad Shamloo. Critics believe that the school of Romanticism had a great influence on nineteenth-century French literature, and on the other hand, contemporary Iranian literature was clearly influenced by French literature in form and content; Accordingly, the authors of the present study intend to conduct a comparative study on the elements of the school of Romanticism in the poems of Ahmed Shamloo and the poems of  Louis Aragon, the prominent poet of the twentieth century France. The main focus of the research is to answer the following question: What are the most prominent components of the school of Romanticism in the poems of Louis Aragon and Ahmad Shamloo? And consequently, how does Aragon and Shamloo exhaust the principles of the Romantic school in two different cultural geographies?   3. Discussion      In the history of schools of thought, Romanticism is one of the most important philosophical, artistic and literary movements, which "rejects the classical laws and rationalism, seeks to reform thought and expression" and "It praises emotion, imagination, dreams, greed and spirituality. (FLAUBERT, 1887–1893: 1/37) This school emerged in the late eighteenth century in England, Germany, France, and northern Europe. Important features of this school include attention to human feelings and emotions, sadness, justice and freedom, excessive influence of environments, events and heroism; Some literary critics believe that the importance of Romanticism is due to its tremendous impact on Western thought and the world, and that all the changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are derived from the principles of this school. (Berlin, 1394: 20) But before that, it should be noted that the emergence of any school requires some areas: the destruction of the old system, the industrial revolution, urban growth, the growth of the middle class, the expansion of literacy and other emerging phenomena in the emergence of the school Romanticism was effective in Europe (see: Khajat, 1391: 7 and Zarghani, 1387: 217). In terms of content and structure, Ahmad Shamloo was influenced by French poets such as Paul Éluard and Louis Aragon, and much of his poetry was based on the main components of the Romantic school. Argon, on the other hand, was deeply influenced by classical Persian literature. The authors intend to study the most prominent components of Romanticism in the poems of Louis Aragon and Ahmad Shamloo by adopting a comparative approach while highlighting meaningful similarities and differences. Some of the components examined in this study are: imagination, personality and individualism, naturalism, utopianism, travel, love and death. The most important component that distinguishes Romanticism from Classicism is the element of "imagination." Using the element of imagination, romantic poets are able to "depict the world in such a way that the infinite is within the finite, and the ideal is within the reality, and at the same time it can reveal all its beauties." (Forrest, 2014: 65) In their surprising view, imagination is a representation of truth and thus, has a close relationship with a particular insight, perception or inspiration. (Bavere, 2017: 61). Another principle of the school of Romanticism is the reflection of the inner emotion and sorrow of the poet / writer; Thus, the poet opens the door of his inconsolable heart to his audience and introduces them to his deepest feelings. Sometimes romantics "limit poetry to excitement and emotions that have no artistic originality, are superficial, simple and underdeveloped, and do not have enough depth and ambiguity to have a profound and adequate effect" (Baghinejad, 2010: 58). In Romantic literature, the concept of love is prominent in the poetry of poets; In their views, love is such an inner love combined with imagination, lust and nympholepsy; Romantics consider their beloved as idol to be worshiped and sanctified;; "In this way women enter the literature of this age who have nothing in common with ordinary women; "There are things like fairies, forest nymphs, sailors, wild queens and princes of the East, mysterious gypsies, strange enough and untamable people." (Priestley, 2012: 1391). Consideration on death is an impartible part of human life and has dominated the human mind and soul in various ways throughout history. From the beginning of life, human beings have resorted to superstitions, religion and philosophy to deal with this ambiguous and frightening phenomenon and have tried to understand and digest this important natural phenomenon by relying on science and art. One of the most famous traits of romanticists is the intense tendency to grief and depression and the remembrance of death (Dethwish). By seeking solitude, they sought to explore the mysterious world of the unconscious and the dark aspects of the mind, and to meditate in the depths of their being; Other components of the Romanticism and its reflection in poetry is naturalism and its connection with imagination. Romantic poets, considering natural phenomena and sanctifying the universe beings, intended to use nature as a source for unseen revelations and the emergence of godsend.   3. Conclusion   The analysis of poetic examples shows a kind of harmony and homogeneity in the poetry of the two poets; Using the element of imagination, both poets have portrayed mysterious manifestations of romanticism for their audiences; As well, these two have turned to a happy childhood and, by combining emotion and imagination, vitalize the inspiring memories of childhood for their audience; In the works of both poets, the excitement and feeling is more the kind of suffering, anger and severe pain indicating the bad environment around and the unhealthy situation of the country. Aragon witnesses the occupation of the homeland and the killing of innocent French people, and expresses its deep sorrow at seeing the horrific and violent scenes. Shamloo also speaks openly and overtly in expressing the poverty, deprivation, displacement and ignorance of the people of his time, and considers his poems as a course of hope to reflect the suppressed hatred of oppressed human beings and to cry out to human beings; In the expression of love, both poets consider their beloved wife as a beautiful and perfect queen who has been a source of comfort for poets and relieving their sorrow and boredom. After marrying his wife Elsa, Louis Aragon wrote most of his poems to his wife and in her name. As Shamlou, After marrying his wife Aida, has made his love the main theme of many of his love poems and has taken the title of two collections of his poems from his name; Utopia and Dethwish are among the paradoxical categories in the poetry of these two: Aragon and Shamloo both regret the loss of genuine human values ​​and seek utopia to achieve their dreams and aspirations, but in Finally, both consider death a source of comfort. using imagination and discernment, Both poets try to portray their feelings and emotions in the form of drawing natural phenomena for their audiences with detail and care in the phenomena of nature; In the subject of individualism, both poets consider themselves as the heroes of their poems and express their sorrow and feelings with full courage, regardless of any limitations

An Exploration into the Lifestyle of Nursing Students: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: One of the most important issues related to the youth is recognizing the different aspects of their lifestyle. Since nursing students, as care providers, play a key role in improving the health of their community, this study aimed to explain different aspects of their lifestyle. Method: This qualitative research was conducted using content analysis through directional approach in 2015. Through purposive sampling, 14 graduates of the bachelor of nursing (6 women and 8 men) were selected as the study participants. The subjects were studied using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and interviews continued until data replication or data saturation. The 4 criteria of acceptability, consistency, determination, and transferability were used to assess the validity, accuracy, and reliability of qualitative data. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and reviewed several times, and then, coded and classified into the main categories through framework analysis of the data. Results: Through data analysis, 9 main categories that reflect the lifestyle of the students (spiritual, educational, health, social, psychological, virtual, ethical, professional, and economic dimensions) and 25 subcategories were extracted. Conclusion: The student lifestyle has a complex nature and various dimensions, and to maintain a comprehensive approach all aspects must be taken into consideration. Students pointed to significant problems in various aspects of their lifestyle that require more attention by national and university authorities. Keywords: Qualitative method, Nursing student, Student life, Lifestyl

A Conceptual Framework on Webrooming Behavior of Luxury Customers (The Case of Gold and Jewelry)

Purpose: The development of e-commerce and online shopping has given rise to emerging concepts of consumer behavior, including webrooming. Due to the novelty of the concept of webrooming in this study, an attempt has been made to provide a conceptual framework to explain this behavior and the factors affecting its formation.Method: In this regard, a field survey study was conducted by distributing questionnairy among a sample consisting of 384 gold and jewelry customers in Tehran. The questionnaires consisting of 9 dimensions and 38 items were distributed among the members of the statistical sample after ensuring reliability and validity. Data analysis along with partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used.Findings: According to the results, the benefits of online and offline channels have a significant impact on webrooming attitude; It was also discovered that attitude, perceived risk, anticipated regret, subjective norms and behavioral control have a significant impact on behavioral inclination and webrooming.Conclusion: The results of goodness of fit showed that the proposed model in this research has a good validity and fit. Given that webrooming has a negative impact on online sales; the results help online retailers mitigate this phenomenon by targeting webrooming antecedents

The exact synchronization timing between the cleavage embryo stage and duration of progesterone therapy-improved pregnancy rates in frozen embryo transfer cycles: A cross-sectional study

Background: Synchronization between the embryonic stage and the uterine endometrial lining is important in the outcomes of the vitrified-warmed embryo transfer (ET) cycles. Objective: The aim was to investigate the effect of the exact synchronization between the cleavage stage of embryos and the duration of progesterone administration on the improvement of clinical outcomes in frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Materials and Methods: 312 FET cycles were categorized into two groups: (A) day- 3 ET after three days of progesterone administration (n = 177) and (B) day-2 or -4 ET after three days of progesterone administration (n = 135). Group B was further divided into two subgroups: B1: day-2 ET cycles, that the stage of embryos were less than the administrated progesterone and B2: day-4 ET cycles, that the stage of embryos were more than the administrated progesterone. The clinical outcome measures were compared between the groups. Results: The pregnancy outcomes between groups A and B showed a significant differences in the chemical (40.1% vs 27.4%; p = 0.010) and clinical pregnancies (32.8% vs 22.2%; p = 0.040), respectively. The rate of miscarriage tended to be higher and live birth rate tended to be lower in group B than in group A. Also, significantly higher rates were noted in chemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and live birth in group A when compared with subgroup B2. Conclusion: Higher rates of pregnancy and live birth were achieved in day-3 ET after three days of progesterone administration in FET cycles. Key words: Endometrium, Embryo transfer, Pregnancy, Live birth, Progesterone

Assessment of Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate Preservatives and Artificial Color in Bulk Tomato Paste Samples in Qazvin, Iran

Tomato is one of the popular crops in the world and tomato paste is a product of it. Due to its wide application, quality control of this product is important. The goal of our study was to the assessment of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate preservatives and artificial color in bulk tomato paste samples in Qazvin, Iran. In this study, 45 samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the preservatives. Benzoic acid was detected in 17 (37.78%) samples, ranging from nd not detected to 1896 mg kg-1&nbsp;and Potassium sorbate was not detected in any of the samples. The detection of color in samples was done by the thin-layer chromatography method (TLC). Three samples (6.67%) had Pansio 4R artificial color. The mean and standard deviation of sodium benzoate in samples were 990.62 mg kg-1&nbsp;and 396.07 mg kg-1, respectively. According to the national standard of Iran for canned tomato paste, adding any kind of preservative and color to tomato paste is prohibited. The results show the importance monitoring of sodium benzoate and artificial colors in bulk tomato paste by health authorities