Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Seismological Studies

Seismological studies have traditionally relied on classical statistical models and manual interpretation to detect, analyze, and predict earthquake events. However, the growing complexity and volume of seismic data have necessitated more efficient and adaptive approaches. This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques into seismology. This study highlighted the capacity of AI and ML to revolutionize seismic data processing and interpretation. Majorly, the study reviewed findings on algorithms such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), support vector machines (SVMs), and unsupervised clustering methods. Also, AI systems such as WaveCastNet, SCALODEEP, BNGCNN, Cycle-Jnet, SASMEX, and UREDAS were reviewed in areas that improved accuracy in earthquake detection, earthquake predictions, and earthquake analysis

Assessment of Background Radiations in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Background radiation is everywhere and investigating the amount present in the background, surroundings and environment is essential to research and public health concerns. Humans experience it daily due to both natural and artificial incidents. These incidents include cosmic radiation, internal radiation, terrestrial radiation, nuclear events and medical operations. This research covered the investigation of two area councils, Gwagwalada and Kwali Area Councils in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Field exploration and data sampling dose rate were conducted at 11 locations which are the University of Abuja Mini Campus (8.9530N, 7.0730E), Gwagwalada Market (8.9417°N, 7.0775°E), Phase III Dumpsite (8.9637°N, 7.0646°E), Landfill @ Sharia Court (8.96175°N, 7.0816°E), University of Abuja Mini Campus- Boys Hostel (8.9453°N, 7.0703°E), Old Kutunku (8.9302°N, 7.0503°E), Kwali (8.8401°N, 7.0525°E), Yangoji (8.8208°N, 7.0341°E), Tunga Sarki (8.82079°N, 7.03408°E), Tongan Sanki Health Post (8.8249°N, 6.9484°E) and Tunga Galadima (8.8079°N, 6.9209°E). The average dose rate of the overall natural background radiations in Gwagwalada and Kwali Area Councils was 0.32±0.09µSv/hr, even though in places like Yangoji (0.42±0.11µSv/hr) and Tunga Sarki (0.45±0.13µSv/hr) which are in Kwali Area Council, have higher average dose rate than the average overall for the two area councils. This dose rate of 0.32±0.09 µSv/hr indicates a low level of radiation exposure. However, this level of radiation is slightly higher than typical background radiation, which is usually around 0.1 to 0.2µSv/hr, but it is still within a range considered safe for long-term exposure

Review on Glaciological Studies Around the World

Glaciology, the study of glaciers and ice sheets, has become increasingly critical in the face of accelerating climate change. This review presents a comprehensive overview of global glaciological studies, focusing on key regions such as Antarctica, Greenland, the Himalayas, the Andes, the Alps, and North America. It highlights the diverse methods used, ranging from satellite remote sensing to ice-core analysis, and emphasizes their role in tracking glacier retreat, mass loss, and contributions to sea level rise. Findings from various studies consistently show that glaciers across the globe are receding, with significant implications for water resources, ecosystems, and human societies. The review also addresses the importance of international collaborations and monitoring networks that help standardize data and promote global research efforts. Despite advancements, challenges such as data gaps, regional disparities, and resource limitations persist. The study concludes that enhanced glaciological research, integrated with technological innovation and climate policy, is vital for building resilience to the impacts of cryospheric change

Impact of Human Activities on Earthquake Occurrence- a Global Seismological Review

Human activities, such as large-scale fluid injection and withdrawal, reservoir impoundment, underground mining, geothermal energy extraction, and hydrocarbon extraction, affect the Earth’s crust. This is due to the increasing activities that are capable of perturbing the ambient stress field and triggering earthquakes, a term called induced seismicity. The global extent and relative impact of these anthropogenic drivers remain poorly quantified. This study synthesizes worldwide seismic occurrences to evaluate the impact of human activities and interventions on earthquake occurrence. Evidence shows that anthropogenic seismicity accounts for an estimated 6 ± 2 % of global shallow seismicity and dominates Mw 3–5 event rates in several intraplate regions, notably the central United States, western Canada, and parts of China. Fluid-pressure perturbations associated with wastewater disposal and geothermal operations account for 68% of the cataloged anthropogenic events, while reservoir impoundment and mining represent 21% and 11%, respectively. Evidence reveals that policy-driven reductions in injection volumes have decreased the occurrence of seismicity within three to five years. Conversely, emerging energy technologies (e.g., carbon capture and underground hydrogen storage) pose growing seismogenic risks if unmanaged. It is concluded that human activities contribute to earthquake occurrence, yet effective intervention and policies are mitigating the probable occurrence of earthquake

Development and Interventions on Vaccines and Complications of Coronavirus

The advent of coronavirus disease has prompted the production of a COVID-19 vaccine. The COVID-19 vaccines, which over 12.7 billion doses worldwide, have been reported to have some complications. Out of the various COVID-19 vaccines, the three most common were studied to analyze their complications. The objectives of the research were (i) evaluation and systematic review of articles based on COVID-19 vaccines, (ii) assessment of complications of variants of COVID-19 vaccines, and (iii) intervention on complications of COVID-19 vaccines from different studies. Adenovirus vector, nucleic acid (mRNA), and protein subunit COVID-19 vaccines complications were assessed and studied using related articles. A systematic review was used to synthesize qualitative findings on COVID-19 vaccine complications. Seventy-five (75) articles were identified and screened from Google, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase; only 26 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used for the qualitative synthesis. The qualitative findings on COVID-19 vaccine complications were neurological, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, systemic, and local adverse events

Effect of phosphorus (P) rates and weeding frequency on the growth and grain yield of extra early cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in the forest-savanna agro-ecological zone of southwest Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7o 20?N, 30 23?E) during the 2014 early and late cropping seasons to evaluate the effect of weeding frequency and phosphorus fertilizer application on the growth and grain yield of the early maturing cowpea variety (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). The experiment was laid out in a split-plot arrangement fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 15 and 30 P2O5kg ha-1) while the subplot comprised five weeding frequencies (no weeding, weed-free, hoe weeding at 3 weeks after sowing (WAS), hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS and weeding at 3, 6 and 9 WAS). The results showed that plots treated with phosphorus fertilizer at 15 kg ha-1 produced the highest number of leaves and the tallest plant in the late season while the highest grain yield was recorded in the early trials. Weeding at 3, 6 and 9 WAS during the early season trial gave the highest grain yield compared with other weeding treatments. Unchecked weed infestation reduced yield by 53.10 % and 49.9 % in the early and late seasons respectively compared to the maximum obtained from weed-free plots. This study concluded that application of 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 and weed removal at 3, 6 and 9 WAS were effective for effective weed control and optimum grain yield in cowpea production.</jats:p

Recent Advancements in Mitigating Abiotic Stresses in Crops

In recent years, the progressive escalation of climate change scenarios has emerged as a significant global concern. The threat to global food security posed by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, waterlogging, temperature stress (heat stress, freezing, and chilling), and high heavy metal accumulation is substantial. The implementation of any of these stresses on agricultural land induces modifications in the morphological, biochemical, and physiological processes of plants, leading to diminished rates of germination, growth, photosynthesis, respiration, hormone and enzyme activity disruption, heightened oxidative stress, and ultimately, a reduction in crop productivity. It is anticipated that the frequency of these stresses will progressively escalate in the future as a result of a rise in climate change events. Therefore, it is crucial to develop productive strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of these challenges on the agriculture industry and improve crop resilience and yield. Diverse strategies have been implemented, including the development of cultivars that are resistant to climate change through the application of both conventional and modern breeding techniques. An additional application of the prospective and emerging technology of speed breeding is the acceleration of tolerance cultivar development. Additionally, plant growth regulators, osmoprotectants, nutrient and water management, planting time, seed priming, microbial seed treatment, and arbuscular mycorrhiza are regarded as effective methods for mitigating abiotic stresses. The application of biochar, kaolin, chitosan, superabsorbent, yeast extract, and seaweed extract are examples of promising and environmentally benign agronomic techniques that have been shown to mitigate the effects of abiotic stresses on crops; however, their exact mechanisms are still not yet fully understood. Hence, collaboration among researchers should be intensified to fully elucidate the mechanisms involved in the action of the emerging technologies. This review provides a comprehensive and current compilation of scientific information on emerging and current trends, along with innovative strategies to enhance agricultural productivity under abiotic stress conditions