Tingkat Keberhasilan Perpindahan Koloni Trigona Spp. pada Sarang Buatan di Hutan Larangan Adat Desa Rumbio Kabupaten Kampar

Trigona spp. is include into stingless bee honey. Trigona spp. has another names, such as, galo-galo (Sumatera), klanceng, lenceng (Jawa), andteuweul (Sunda). The population of Trigona spp. in many areas in Indonesia. Trigona spp. produce are honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis and beeswax. People do not know much yet about the benefit and how to cultivation of Trigona spp. type, material and size of bee\u27s nest. The purpose of this research is to know successfull affectiveness movement of Trigona spp. in type, material and size of artificial nest. This research used two method, survey and experiment. The first survey got 19 bee\u27s nest of Trigona spp. in 7 trees. In the next experiment, the resercher tried to test 6 artificial nests (2 bee\u27s nest made by half of a coconut shell, 2 bee\u27s nest made by bamboo and 2 bee\u27s nest made by wooden box) and the different size of box. The experiment of 6 artificial nests was a theory of eduction/attachment. The artificial nest affixed to red chelate tree (Syzygium sp.), kempas (Koompassia malaccensis), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and red chelate tree was moudly/dead. The result of this research show that type of Trigona spp. that lifeatThe Prohibition Forest of Indigenous Village of Rumbio Kampar Regency. There are three kinds : Trigona collina, Trigona incica andTrigona terminata. The preferred and ideal artificial nest of Trigona spp. was wooden box 3 segment in Ttot = 65 cm, basic segment T1 =30 cm, middle segment T2 =25 cm andtop segment T3 = 10 cm

Tingkat Keberhasilan Perpindahan Koloni Trigona Spp. pada Sarang Buatan di Hutan Larangan Adat Desa Rumbio Kabupaten Kampar

Trigona spp. is include into stingless bee honey. Trigona spp. has another names, such as, galo-galo (Sumatera), klanceng, lenceng (Jawa), andteuweul (Sunda). The population of Trigona spp. in many areas in Indonesia. Trigona spp. produce are honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis and beeswax. People do not know much yet about the benefit and how to cultivation of Trigona spp. type, material and size of bee\u27s nest. The purpose of this research is to know successfull affectiveness movement of Trigona spp. in type, material and size of artificial nest. This research used two method, survey and experiment. The first survey got 19 bee\u27s nest of Trigona spp. in 7 trees. In the next experiment, the resercher tried to test 6 artificial nests (2 bee\u27s nest made by half of a coconut shell, 2 bee\u27s nest made by bamboo and 2 bee\u27s nest made by wooden box) and the different size of box. The experiment of 6 artificial nests was a theory of eduction/attachment. The artificial nest affixed to red chelate tree (Syzygium sp.), kempas (Koompassia malaccensis), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and red chelate tree was moudly/dead. The result of this research show that type of Trigona spp. that lifeatThe Prohibition Forest of Indigenous Village of Rumbio Kampar Regency. There are three kinds : Trigona collina, Trigona incica andTrigona terminata. The preferred and ideal artificial nest of Trigona spp. was wooden box 3 segment in Ttot = 65 cm, basic segment T1 =30 cm, middle segment T2 =25 cm andtop segment T3 = 10 cm

Fabrication and machining performance of ceramic cutting tool based on the Al2O3-ZrO2-Cr2O3 compositions

This study presents the cutting tool development of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) with chromia addition. The process used for its development is solid-state, in which the powders of Alumina (Al2O3), Zirconia (ZrO2) and Chromia (Cr2O3) were processed by a ball mill, com�pacted under a Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) and sintered at a constant temperature of 1400 ◦C with 9h soaking time. The initial study investigated the effect of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a binder, CIP and hardness of Al2O3-ZrO2 mixtures. The percentage composition between Al2O3 and ZrO2 was varied to choose the best for the highest mechanical performances determined by the density, porosity and properties analysis. The cutting tool that possessed the highest hardness and bending strength was selected the Al2O3-ZrO2 mixture was mixed 0.6 wt% Cr2O3 for machining trials within the cutting speed of 200–350m/min and constant feed rate and depth of cut of 0.150mm/rev and 0.5mm, respectively. The results of the ZTA mixed with Cr2O3 and combined with the ratio 80-20-0.6 wt% showed that the addition of 0.6 wt% PEG and a CIP pressure at 300 MPa and 60 s dwell time resulted maximum hardness and bending strength of 71.03 HRc and 856.02 MPa, respectively. The fabricated cutting tool was capable to reach 225 s tool life when machining AISI 1045 at a lower cutting speed of 200 m/min and higher feed rate of 0.150mm/rev

Comparison machining performance of Al2 O3 , ZTA and ZTA doped Cr2 O3 cutting tools on AISI 1045

This paper presents the comparison of machining performance for cutting tools that fabricated by pure alumina (Al2O3), Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA) and Zirconia Toughened Alumina doped with Cr2O3 (ZTA Doped Cr2O3). Solid-state method was employed to prepare ceramic mixtures starting from 12 h ball milling with 40 rpm rotational speed. The green bodies were formed by 5 ton manual hydraulic press and 300 MPa Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) compaction pressure. The compacted powders then were sintered at 1400 °C and 9 h soaking time in the form of RNGN 120600 designated cutting tools. Properties assessment of the fabricated cutting tools were analysed based on hardness and density. The machining evaluation was performed by turning AISI 1045 with cutting speeds of 150–350 m min−1, feed rate of 0.125 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.5 mm. The results show that maximum hardness recorded for ZTA Doped Cr2O3 with 13.73 GPa Vickers hardness and 3.82 g cm−3 density, followed by ZTA (12.75 GPa, 3.85 g cm−3) and pure Al2O3 (4.9 GPa, 3.76 g cm−3)In terms of machining performance, ZTA Doped Cr2O3 recorded highest tool life of 330-s with 57% improvement of tool life as compared to ZTA (210-s) and 200% improvement of pure Al2O3 (110-s). Dominant wear mechanisms for the fabricated cutting tool appeared to be notch wear, abrasive wear and chipping at the flank wear area

Trans fatty acids content of biscuits commercially available in Malaysian market and comparison with other countries

The fatty acid composition and trans fatty acid (TFA) contents of biscuits products were determined by gas chromatography, using a highly polar 100m capillary column (HP-88) and flame ionization detection. Total TFA ranged from 0.00 - 0.52 g/100 g total fatty acids and 0.12 - 0.68 g/100 g total fatty acids for local packed and unpacked biscuits, respectively. In imported biscuits, total TFA was higher ranging from 0.03 - 3.09 g/100 g of total fatty acids. Trans 16:1 was the most abundant, with values ranging from 0.01% to 38% followed by trans 18:1 Δ11 (0.01% - 13.11%), trans 18:1 Δ9 (0.01% - 4.68%), trans 18:2 (0.23% - 2.77%) and small quantities of trans 18:1 Δ6. CLA, the natural TFA constituted from 0.1% to <70% TFA. These results and comparison with published data indicate that Malaysian biscuits contained considerably low proportion of trans fatty acids following the wide use of palm fat

Observation of built-up edge formation on a carbide cutting tool with machining aluminium alloy under dry and wet conditions

This paper presents the morphology of built-up edge (BUE) formation under wet and dry conditions with low and high cutting speeds. The workpiece materials and cutting tools selected for this work were aluminium alloy and canela carbide inserts graded PM25. The cutting tools underwent turning operation machining tests and their performance was evaluated by the flank wear and observation of the tool wear area. The machining tests were conducted at different spindle speeds and feed rates while the cut depth was kept constant. The analysis showed that formation of the BUE was dominant at low cutting speeds in dry conditions, but in wet conditions at high cutting speeds, a better performance was exhibited in terms of wear analysis

Coming down from the trees: is terrestrial activity in Bornean orangutans natural or disturbance driven?

The orangutan is the world's largest arboreal mammal, and images of the red ape moving through the tropical forest canopy symbolise its typical arboreal behaviour. Records of terrestrial behaviour are scarce and often associated with habitat disturbance. We conducted a large-scale species-level analysis of ground-based camera-trapping data to evaluate the extent to which Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus come down from the trees to travel terrestrially, and whether they are indeed forced to the ground primarily by anthropogenic forest disturbances. Although the degree of forest disturbance and canopy gap size influenced terrestriality, orangutans were recorded on the ground as frequently in heavily degraded habitats as in primary forests. Furthermore, all age-sex classes were recorded on the ground (flanged males more often). This suggests that terrestrial locomotion is part of the Bornean orangutan's natural behavioural repertoire to a much greater extent than previously thought, and is only modified by habitat disturbance. The capacity of orangutans to come down from the trees may increase their ability to cope with at least smaller-scale forest fragmentation, and to cross moderately open spaces in mosaic landscapes, although the extent of this versatility remains to be investigated

Heavy metal biomarker: Fish behavior, cellular alteration, enzymatic reaction and proteomics approaches

Due to the latest industrial development, many dangerous chemicals have been released directly or indirectly which resulted in the polluted water bodies. Water rehabilitation is an alternative way to restore the quality of water, followed by the environmental management to control the waste discharge to ensure the balance of the degradation rates or detoxifying by environmental factors. However, this process consumed a lot of time and cost. Besides, most of the metal ions, especially copper which is capable to bio accumulate in aquatic organism and at the elevated level may cause physiological and biochemical alteration which leads to mortality. Environmental monitoring is the initial step presupposed evaluating the potential toxicity of effluent gushing at its purpose to discharge, avoiding the determining effects of contaminant in water bodies. Due to the high sensitivity of the aquatic life towards dissolving toxicant, the fish has been utilized as the biological measurement (Biomarker) to indicate the existence of toxicant exposure and/or the impact towards the evaluation of molecular, cellular to physiological level. Thus, this paper gives an overview of the manipulation of fish as a biomarker of heavy metals through behavior response, hepatocyte alteration, enzymatic reaction and proteomic studies which have proven to be very useful in the environmental pollution monitoring