Anti-proliferative effect of methyl gallate isolated from mangifera pajang kosterman in selected cancer cell lines

Mangifera pajang (Bambangan) is an indigenous fruit originated from Borneo Island. The kernel of M. pajang has been reported to possess various health benefits due to the phytochemicals content. As cancer is one of the most leading cause of death in Malaysia, this study was aimed to isolate and elucidate an aromatic ester, methyl gallate from the kernel extract of the M. pajang and determine the anti-proliferative potential of aromatic ester, methyl gallate which induce the cell cycle arrest and killing mechanism via apoptosis in selected cancer cell line. Chromatography methods were used in this study to isolate methyl gallate (C8H8O5) from methanol crude extract. Identification of the isolated compound was done by spectroscopic methods including infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and comparison with reported data. The potential of anti-proliferative activity was investigated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), prostate (PC-3), pancreatic (Capan-2) and colon (HCT-116) cancer cell lines. The effect of methyl gallate on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were confirmed by using cell cycle analysis and Annexin V staining. The results showed that methyl gallate displayed significant anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and moderate activity against PC-3 with an IC50 values of 54.7 μM and 97.6 μM respectively. Based on the IC50 value of MTT assay, MCF-7 cell line was selected for further determination of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis analysis. The cell cycle progression of MCF-7 cells treated with methyl gallate showed increased in cell population in sub-G1 phase indicating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1. In addition, the effect of methyl gallate on apoptosis induction resulted in total apoptotic cells were increased in time dependent manner. As a conclusion, methyl gallate isolated from kernel of M. pajang possess antiproliferative effect against breast cancer cell via apoptosis pathway

Comparison of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from different parts of Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) fruit

Mangifera pajang produces a fruit that is similar to mango, but characterized by brownish exterior colour that contained yellowish flesh and strong mangoish-turpentine aroma. This study identified the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil extracted from flesh, peel and kernel of M. pajang. Different parts of M. Pajang were extracted using hydrodistillation and the essential oils obtained were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method. Total of 56 (flesh), 9 (peel) and 26 (kernel) volatile compounds were identified from the essential oil with the major component obtained were 3-methyl-4-cyclohexene (14.91 %), α-pinene (34.73 %) and linoleic acid (16.58 %), respectively. The essential oils extracted from different parts of the fruit displayed weak inhibition in antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging showed that essential oil from M. pajang peel displayed the highest antioxidant capacity. It is clear that the essential oils extracted from different parts of M. pajang possess beneficial phytochemicals that can contribute to human's health

Comparison of Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils Extracted from Different Parts of Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) Fruit

Mangifera pajang produces a fruit that is similar to mango, but characterized by brownish exterior colour that contained yellowish flesh and strong mangoish-turpentine aroma. This study identified the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil extracted from flesh, peel and kernel of M. pajang. Different parts of M. Pajang were extracted using hydrodistillation and the essential oils obtained were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method. Total of 56 (flesh), 9 (peel) and 26 (kernel) volatile compounds were identified from the essential oil with the major component obtained were 3-methyl-4-cyclohexene (14.91 %), α-pinene (34.73 %) and linoleic acid (16.58 %), respectively. The essential oils extracted from different parts of the fruit displayed weak inhibition in antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging showed that essential oil from M. pajang peel displayed the highest antioxidant capacity. It is clear that the essential oils extracted from different parts of M. pajang possess beneficial phytochemicals that can contribute to human's health