Identification of Behavioral and Metabolic Factors Predicting Adiposity Sensitivity to Both High Fat and High Carbohydrate Diets in Rats

Individuals exhibit a great variation in their body weight (BW) gain response to a high fat diet. Identification of predictive factors would enable better directed intervention toward susceptible individuals to treat obesity, and uncover potential mechanisms for treatment targeting. We set out to identify predictive behavioral and metabolic factors in an outbred rat model. 12 rats were analyzed in metabolic cages for a period of 5 days during both high carbohydrate diet (HCD), and transition to a high fat diet (HFD). After a recovery period, rats were given a HFD for 6 days to identify those resistant or sensitive to it according to BW gain. Rats were dissected at the end of the study to analyze body composition. This showed that small differences in final BW hid large variations in adiposity, allowing separation of rats into a second classification (final adiposity). Since these rats had been fed a HCD during most of their life, under which most of the adiposity presumably evolved, we considered this carbohydrate-sensitivity or -resistance. Meal size and meal number were found to be good predictors of sensitivity to a HFD, intensity of motor activity and ingestion speed good predictors of sensitivity to a HCD. Rats that were sensitive to the HCD could be resistant to the HFD and vice versa. This points to four types of individuals (carbohydrate/fat resistant/sensitive) though our sample size inhibited deeper investigation of this. This contributes to the idea that to be “obesity prone” does not necessarily need a HFD, it can also happen under a HCD, and be a hidden adiposity change with stable BW

Low protein/low methionine/high carbohydrate diets induce hyperphagia, increase energy expenditure and FGF21, but modestly affect adiposity infemale BalbC mice.

International audienceTitle: Low protein/low methionine/high carbohydrate diets induce hyperphagia, increase energy expenditure and FGF21, but modestly affect adiposity in female BalbC mice ABSTRACT PREVIEW Author(s)ObjectivesLow-protein diets are reported to induce hyperphagia in an effort to fulfil protein needsbut at the expense of energy balance with a risk to gain in adiposity. However, differentstudies conducted on low-protein diets in animal and human did not confirm weight andbody fat gain because an increased energy expenditure compensated more or lesscompletely for the increase in energy intake and prevents the gain in adiposity. Thepresent study evaluated in mice the consequence of protein restricted diets combined withprotein quality (milk protein versus soy protein with slight methionine deficiency) onenergy intake, energy expenditure and adiposity and the role of FGF21 in the response tothese protein restricted dietsMethodsThe present study investigated in female BalbC mice the behavioral, metabolic andphenotypic responses to 8 weeks feeding a very low (3%), moderately low (6%) or adequate(20%) dietary protein content and whether methionine scarcity in the dietary protein (Soyprotein vs casein) affected these responses. Food intake, body weigh, adiposity (assessedby DEXA), were measured throughout the study and body composition determined bydissection at the end of the study. Plasma, liver, muscle, adipose tissue and hypothalamussamples were collected for nutrient, hormones and/or gene expression measurements.The different mice groups : P20C 20% casein, P20S 20% soy protein, P6C 6% casein, P6S 6%soy protein, P6S-Cor 6% soy protein corrected for methionine, P3C 3% caseinResultsIn female adult BalbC mice, a decrease in dietary casein from 20% to 6% and 3% increasedenergy intake and slightly increased adiposity, and this response was exacerbated with soyproteins with low methionine content compared to milk protein (figure 1). Lean body masswas reduced in 3% casein fed mice but preserved in all 6% fed mice. The effect on fat masswas however limited because total energy expenditure (TEE) increased to the same extentas energy intake (figure 2). In plasma, when protein was decreased, IGF-1 decreased, FGF21increased and plasma FGF21 was best described by using a combination of dietary proteinlevel, protein to carbohydrate ratio and protein to methionine ratio in the diet (figure 3). Insulinresponse to an oral glucose tolerance test was reduced in soy fed mice and in low-proteinfed mice. Low-protein diets did not affect Ucp1 but increased Fgf21 in brown adiposetissue and increased Fgf21, Fas, and Cd36 in the liver. In the hypothalamus, Npy wasincreased and Pomc was decreased only in 3% casein fed mice.Conclusions In conclusion, reducing dietary protein and protein quality increases energy intake but alsoenergy expenditure resulting in an only slight increase in adiposity. In this process FGF21 isprobably an important signal that responds to a complex combination of proteinrestriction, protein quality and carbohydrate content of the diet

Increasing Protein at the Expense of Carbohydrate in the Diet Down-Regulates Glucose Utilization as Glucose Sparing Effect in Rats

High protein (HP) diet could serve as a good strategy against obesity, provoking the changes in energy metabolic pathways. However, those modifications differ during a dietary adaptation. To better understand the mechanisms involved in effect of high protein diet (HP) on limiting adiposity in rats we studied in parallel the gene expression of enzymes involved in protein and energy metabolism and the profiles of nutrients oxidation. Eighty male Wistar rats were fed a normal protein diet (NP, 14% of protein) for one week, then either maintained on NP diet or assigned to a HP diet (50% of protein) for 1, 3, 6 and 14 days. mRNA levels of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were measured in liver, adipose tissues, kidney and muscles by real time PCR. Energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry. Liver glycogen and plasma glucose and hormones were assayed. In liver, HP feeding 1) decreased mRNA encoding glycolysis enzymes (GK, L-PK) and lipogenesis enzymes(ACC, FAS), 2) increased mRNA encoding gluconeogenesis enzymes (PEPCK), 3) first lowered, then restored mRNA encoding glycogen synthesis enzyme (GS), 4) did not change mRNA encoding β-oxidation enzymes (CPT1, ACOX1, βHAD). Few changes were seen in other organs. In parallel, indirect calorimetry confirmed that following HP feeding, glucose oxidation was reduced and fat oxidation was stable, except during the 1st day of adaptation where lipid oxidation was increased. Finally, this study showed that plasma insulin was lowered and hepatic glucose uptake was decreased. Taken together, these results demonstrate that following HP feeding, CHO utilization was increased above the increase in carbohydrate intake while lipogenesis was decreased thus giving a potential explanation for the fat lowering effect of HP diets

Insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: the missing links. The Claude Bernard Lecture 2009

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with a metabolic and cardiovascular cluster of disorders (dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity [especially visceral], glucose intolerance, endothelial dysfunction), each of which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple prospective studies have documented an association between insulin resistance and accelerated CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in non-diabetic individuals. The molecular causes of insulin resistance, i.e. impaired insulin signalling through the phosphoinositol-3 kinase pathway with intact signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, are responsible for the impairment in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and contribute to the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetes patients. The current epidemic of diabetes is being driven by the obesity epidemic, which represents a state of tissue fat overload. Accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites (fatty acyl CoA, diacylglycerol, ceramide) in muscle, liver, adipocytes, beta cells and arterial tissues contributes to insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis, respectively, in type 2 diabetes. Treatment with thiazolidinediones mobilises fat out of tissues, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved beta cell function and decreased atherogenesis. Insulin resistance and lipotoxicity represent the missing links (beyond the classical cardiovascular risk factors) that help explain the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetic patients

Maritime Piracy legal and practical environment : from traditionnal techniques to the beginnings of new technologies

Le nombre d’attaques de pirates dans le golfe d’Aden semble se stabiliser à un niveau faible depuis quelques années. Le golfe de Guinée a connu une augmentation des actes de piraterie puis a diminué depuis l’année 2021. Une autre zone de défaillance de la piraterie est le détroit de Singapour dans l’Asie du Sud-Est, qui connaît quant à elle une hausse des actes de piraterie depuis 2019. Il est primordial d’étudier l’efficacité des réponses tant judiciaires qu’opérationnels apportées à cette piraterie. L’étude traite également du cadre légal de protection du navire par du personnel privé armé à bord des navires qui peuvent employer la force en haute mer. La haute mer dépend de l’État du pavillon pour appliquer le droit. Cette recherche s’intéresse sur le droit français dans la réponse de lutte contre la piraterie maritime, mais aussi aux droits comparés d’autres États membres de l’UE. Cette étude traite aussi de l’environnement maritime du cyberespace. Cette recherche a pour objectif de proposer une analyse de l’évolution de la piraterie maritime, des forces et des faiblesses d’un point de vue opérationnel et judiciaire. De cette piraterie maritime classique, les nouveaux enjeux futurs seront de faire face à la cyberpiraterie dans le cyberespace maritime, de la pratique juridique et des navires autonomes. Les navires autonomes devront faire face aux vulnérabilités face aux cybermenaces à venir et déjà démontrées. Les assurances devront évoluer pour répondre aux professionnels du monde maritime face aux cyber-risques et aux cyber-rançons.The number of pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden appears to have stabilised at a low recent years. The Gulf of Guinea, on the other hand, has seen an increase in acts of piracy, only to decline since 2021. Another area of failure is the Singapore Strait in Southeast Asia, which has seen an increase in acts of piracy since 2019. It is vital to study the effectiveness of both the judicial and operational responses to this piracy. The study also deals with the legal framework for the protection of ships by armed private personnel on board ships that can use force on the high seas. The high seas depend on the flag state to enforce the law. This research looks at French law in response to maritime piracy but also at comparative law in other EU Member States. This study also deals with the maritime environment of cyberspace. This research aims to provide an analysis of the evolution of maritime piracy and its strengths and weaknesses from an operational and judicial point of view. From this classic maritime piracy, the new future challenges will be to deal with cyber piracy in the maritime cyberspace of legal practice and autonomous ships. Autonomous ships will have to deal with vulnerabilities to future and proven cyber threats. Insurance will have to evolve to meet the needs of maritime professionals in the face of cyber risks and cyber ransom

Mise en discours numérique sur Padlet, ethos tutoral multimodal et consigne animée : le cas de 10 séances de FLE en ligne gratuites pour captiver des apprenants non-captifs

This brief focuses on teaching and learning French as a Foreign Language (FLE) online. This study deals with the construction of FLE courses through the free web platform, Padlet. These online sessions are based on the originality of the use of the free online padlet tool, known to be a collaborative platform. It is also interested in multimodal digital discourse. In teacher-tutor, the tutorial ethos, and also the exchanges between teacher and learners within a social group, which promotes the idea of the new genre: the animated instruction. The objective of this research is to try to find ways to captivate otherwise non-captive learners through the affordances of different digital tools, perceived by the teacher-tutor.This brief is based on different methods of analysis, through interviews, questionnaires, screenshots and various video data. It aims to provide research through digital discourse and multimodal analysis through content analysis. This case study is based on a group of learners from all over the world, another part of this group is made up of learners from the Institute. All participants were registered for 10 free online FLE sessions offered facilitated by the Institut Destination Langues of Marseille. It therefore treats two learning environments for online FLE: both homoglot and heteroglot environments.Le présent mémoire s’intéresse à l’enseignement-apprentissage du FLE. Cette étude traite de la constitution de cours de FLE sur la plate-forme padlet. Ces séances en ligne reposent sur l'originalité de l'utilisation de l'outil en ligne padlet, connu pour être une plate-forme collaborative. Elle s’intéresse également au discours numérique multimodal. À l'enseignante-tutrice et à l'ethos tutoral, aux échanges entre enseignante et apprenants au sein d'un groupe social et expose l'idée du genre nouveau : la consigne animée. L'objectif de la recherche est de tenter de trouver des moyens pour captiver des apprenants non-captifs par les affordances de différents outils numériques, perçus par l'enseignante-tutrice. Ce travail de mémoire s'appuie sur différentes méthodes d'analyse, par des entretiens, des questionnaires, des captures d'écrans et de divers données vidéos. Elle vise à proposer une recherche par une analyse du discours numérique et multimodale ainsi qu'une analyse de contenu. Cette étude de cas se base sur un groupe d'apprenants venant des quatre coins du monde. Une autre partie de ce groupe est composée d'apprenants de l'institut. Tous inscrits volontairement aux 10 séances de FLE en ligne gratuites proposées par l'Institut Destination Langues de Marseille. Il expose alors deux milieux d'apprentissage du FLE en ligne : le milieu homoglotte et hétéroglotte

Rethinking the relationship between international trade rules and human rights under the framework of the WTO

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

FGF21 hépatique : un acteur central de l'adaptation nutritionnelle

International audienc