Diplomats or Defendants? Defining the Future of Head-of-State Immunity

Fluorescence nanoscopy provides means to discernthe finer details of protein localization and interaction in cells by offeringan order of magnitude higher resolution than conventional optical imagingtechniques. However, these super resolution techniques put higher demands onthe optical system as well as on the fluorescent probes, making multicolorfluorescence nanoscopy a challenging task. Here we present a new and simpleprocedure which exploits the photostability and excitation spectra of dyes toincrease the number of simultaneous recordable targets in STED nanoscopy. Weuse this procedure to demonstrate four color STED imaging of platelets with ≤40 nm resolution and low crosstalk. Platelets can selectively store, sequesterand release a multitude of different proteins, and in a manner specific fordifferent physiological and disease states. By applying multicolor nanoscopy tostudy platelets, we can achieve spatial mapping of the protein organizationwith a high resolution, for multiple proteins at the same time and in the samecell. This provides a means to identify specific platelet activation states fordiagnostic purposes and to understand the underlying protein storage andrelease mechanisms. We studied the organization of the pro- and anti-angiogenicproteins VEGF and PF-4 together with fibrinogen and filamentous actin, andfound distinct features in their respective protein localization. Further,colocalization analysis revealed only minor overlap between the proteins VEGFand PF-4 indicating that they have separate storage and release mechanisms,corresponding well with their opposite rules as pro- and anti-angiogenicproteins, respectively.Updated from "Submitted" to "Published". QC 20140630</p

Challenging assumptions of the enlargement literature : the impact of the EU on human and minority rights in Macedonia

This article argues that from the very start of the transition process in Macedonia, a fusion of concerns about security and democratisation locked local nationalist elites and international organisations intoa political dynamic that prioritised security over democratisation. This dynamic resulted in little progress in the implementation of human and minority rights until 2009, despite heavy EU involvement in Macedonia after the internal warfare of 2001. The effects of this informally institutionalised relationship have been overlooked by scholarship on EU enlargement towards Eastern Europe, which has made generalisations based on assumptions relevant to the democratisation of countries in Eastern Europe, but not the Western Balkans

Tanggung Jawab Komandan Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan tanggung jawab seorang komandan menurut hukum humaniter Internasional dan bagaimana penerapan hukum terhadap penyalahgunaan tanggung jawab oleh seorang komandan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan mengenai tanggung jawab komandan yang ada dalam setiap konvensi maupun statuta pengadilan isinya berbeda-beda. Ada beberapa ahli mengatakan bahwa tanggung jawab komandan adalah kegagalan bertindak dari seorang komandan atau atasan yang dimintai pertanggungjawaban (failed to act), dan ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa tanggung jawab komandan adalah sikap diam dari seorang komandan atu atasan. Konvensi Den Haag 1907 merupakan perjanjian Internasional yang pertama kali menentukan bahwa seorang atasan bertanggung jawab terhadap pelanggaran hukum yang dilakukan oleh bawahannya. Dilanjutkan dengan Konvensi Jenewa 1949 yang menugaskan seorang komandan untuk melindungi tawanan perang, kamp tawanan perang dan orang-orang sipil pada waktu perang. Protokol Tambahan I 1977 tanggung jawab komando lebih luas lingkupnya. Dalam Protokol ini mengatur mengenai kegagalan bertindak dari seorang komandan serta dengan tegas meletakan tugas dan kewajiban seorang komandan. Statuta ICTY, ICTR dan Statuta ICC menjelaskan tidak ada pembatasan mengenai pemberlakuan doktrin tanggung jawab komandan. Siapapun yang memegang kekuasaan dan fungsi komando yang sama seperti komandan militer tanpa harus memiliki pangkat militer, dia mempunyai dan memikul tanggung jawab yang sama dengan seorang komandan militer. 2. Penerapan doktrin tanggung jawab komandan tdak hanya seorang komandan militer yang dapat dipertanggunggjawabkan dengan doktrin tanggung jawab komandan, namun juga atasan sipil baik ia memegang kekuasaan de jure maupun de facto. Demikian penerapan tanggung jawab komandan dalam kasus Zdravko Music merupakan pertanggungjawaban komandan kontemporer yang dalam putusannya ICTY dapat memberikan elemen-elemen yang jelas dan batasan-batasan yang lebih jelas. Tanggung Jawab, Komandan,Hukum Humaniter Internasiona

Intervention In Kosovo: Legal? Effective?

A retrospective look at the 1999 war in Kosovo is in orde

International Courts and the Crime of Genocide

En este trabajo realizo un análisis jurídico de los elementos constitutivos (tanto subjetivos como objetivos) del crimen de genocidio, tal y como han sido interpretados y aplicados por la jurisprudencia internacional. En concreto, se estudia la jurisprudencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, del Tribunal Internacional Penal para la antigua Yugoslavia y del Tribunal Internacional Penal para Ruanda sobre el crimen de genocidio

Europe, America and the “Unity” of International Law

Is international law Europeanized ? If so, what are the implications of such Europeanization for the unity and coherence of international law? This paper claims, first, that the application of international law by domestic courts in Europe does not threaten the unity of international law. There may be good reasons for domestic courts not to give effect to international law, based on democratic legitimacy, internal balance of powers or reciprocity with other nations. Yet, the risk of fragmentation or inconsistent interpretations is not one of them. Second, the definition and pursuit of a European agenda or European approach to international law does not threaten the unity of international law. Europe must shed its reluctance to define, and aggressively pursue, such agenda based on European values and interests. Third, and most importantly, when scratching the surface of today\u27s conventional wisdom of Europe as the defender of international law and America as its antithesis, the attitudes, mental framework and reflexes as well as prevailing concerns are strikingly similar across the Atlantic. Most differences in approach are explained not by inherent, substantive disagreements between Europe and the US, but rather by relative power positions and internal constitutional features

Customary International Law: An Instrument Choice Perspective

Contemporary international lawmaking is characterized by a rapid growth of “soft law” instruments. Interdisciplinary studies have followed suit, purporting to frame the key question states face as a choice between soft and “hard” law. But this literature focuses on only one form of hard law—treaties—and cooperation through formal institutions. Customary international law (CIL) is barely mentioned. Other scholars dismiss CIL as increasingly irrelevant or even obsolete. Entirely missing from these debates is any consideration of whether and when states might prefer custom over treaties or soft law