TM-Free and TM-Catalyzed Mechanosynthesis of Functional Polymers

Highlights: The most representative examples for the TM-free and TM-catalyzed mechano-synthesis of functional polymers are reported; The most common applications for the various types of functional polymers are precented; The advantage of solvent-free mechanosynthesis over conventional solvent-based synthesis are highlighted; In many cases the better performance of the mechanchemically-prepared polymers over those obtained by using conventional methods are demonstrated. Mechanochemically induced methods are commonly used for the depolymerization of polymers, including plastic and agricultural wastes. So far, these methods have rarely been used for polymer synthesis. Compared to conventional polymerization in solutions, mechanochemical polymerization offers numerous advantages such as less or no solvent consumption, the accessibility of novel structures, the inclusion of co-polymers and post-modified polymers, and, most importantly, the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer/oligomer solubility and fast precipitation during polymerization. Consequently, the development of new functional polymers and materials, including those based on mechanochemically synthesized polymers, has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. In this review, we tried to highlight the most representative examples of transition-metal (TM)-free and TM-catalyzed mechanosynthesis of some functional polymers, such as semiconductive polymers, porous polymeric materials, sensory materials, materials for photovoltaics, etc. © 2023 by the authors.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 075-15-2022-1118; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation: NSh-1223.2022.1.3This research was funded by the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation, Grant # NSh-1223.2022.1.3 (for the Section 2.3), Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Reference # 075-15-2022-1118, dated 29 June 2022 (all other sections)

Mechanosynthesis of Polyureas and Studies of Their Responses to Anions

Polyureas (PUs) have already found wide practical applications, and various methods of their synthesis have been reported. In this manuscript, we wished to report the very first mechanochemical approach towards aromatic PUs via reactions between isomeric 2,2′-, 3,3′-, and 4,4′-diaminobiphenyls and triphosgene under solvent-free conditions following ball-milling. By using this synthetic approach, both PUs and azomethine-capped Pus were obtained. The fluorescence response of the above-mentioned PUs towards various anions in solutions were studied and selective fluorescence responses towards the hydroxyl and fluoride anions were observed. © 2023 by the authors.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 075-15-2022-1118; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation: NSh-1223.2022.1.3This research was funded by the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation, Grant # NSh-1223.2022.1.3 (Mechanosynthesis of polyureas 7 –9), Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Reference # 075-15-2022-1118, dated 29 June 2022

Characterization of Bulk BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Material for Optical Modulator Applications

In this work, different sizes of BaTiO3 (BTO) were characterized. The effective parameters were studied to reach optimum performance in order to realize an optical modulator. The parameters such as spectroscopy, electro-optic coefficient, crystalline structure, and birefringence indicated that BaTiO3 has an excellent behavior to manipulate the light by Pockels modulator, spatially in the field of telecom. The sample size (10×3 mm) was shown a good performance compare with other samples, for example, the BTO has low absorption, high variation of output as a function of voltage applied and good efficiency that showed by figure of merit. In addition, a low half-wave voltage (Vπ) was observed.</jats:p

Polymers and Polymer-Based Materials for the Detection of (Nitro-)explosives

Methods for the remote detection of warfare agents and explosives have been in high demand in recent times. Among the several detection methods, fluorescence methods appear to be more convenient due to their low cost, simple operation, fast response time, and naked-eye-visible sensory response. For fluorescence methods, a large variety of fluorescent materials, such as small-molecule-based fluorophores, aggregation-induced emission fluorophores/materials, and supramolecular systems, have been reported in the literature. Among them, fluorescent (bio)polymers/(bio)polymer-based materials have gained wide attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and sensory performance, their ability to recognize explosives via different sensing mechanisms and their combinations, and, finally, the so-called amplification of the sensory response. This review provides the most up-to-date data on the utilization of polymers and polymer-based materials for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs)/nitro-explosives (NEs) in the last decade. The literature data have been arranged depending on the polymer type and/or sensory mechanism. © 2023 by the authors.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 075-15-2022-1118; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 21-13-00304, 23-13-00318; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation: NSh-1223.2022.1.3This research was funded by the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation, Grant # NSh-1223.2022.1.3 (Section 3.4 and Section 3.9); the Russian Science Foundation, Grant # 21-13-00304 (Section 2.2); the Russian Science Foundation, Grant # 23-13-00318 (Section 3.2 and Section 3.3); and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Reference # 075-15-2022-1118, dated 29 June 2022 (all other sections)

Modelagem da recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para a cultura da soja Modeling lime and fertilizer recommendations for soybean

A recomendação de adubação para as culturas agrícolas, no Brasil, é feita com base em tabelas que relacionam a classe de disponibilidade do nutriente no solo com a dose a ser aplicada. Este trabalho apresenta uma alternativa para recomendar corretivos e fertilizantes para a cultura da soja, o SIRSo (sistema de recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para a cultura da soja). O princípio desse sistema é o balanço nutricional, ou seja, a recomendação se faz a partir da diferença entre o requerimento de nutrientes pela planta e o suprimento de nutrientes pelo solo, por resíduos orgânicos, por fertilizantes e pela calagem. O sistema considera ainda o fator sustentabilidade, visando manter uma quantidade de nutriente no solo capaz de garantir produtividade mínima em cultivos subseqüentes. Para recomendar calagem, o sistema considera dois métodos: a neutralização do Al3+ e a elevação dos teores de Ca2+ + Mg2+, ou a saturação por bases. O requerimento de nutrientes varia com a produtividade esperada de grãos, com as características do solo e com a taxa de recuperação pela planta do nutriente aplicado ao solo. O suprimento pelo solo depende da disponibilidade do nutriente, estimada a partir da análise de solo e da taxa de recuperação pelo extrator do nutriente aplicado. As comparações entre as recomendações geradas pelo SIRSo e aquelas oriundas das tabelas em uso no País mostram, em geral, que o SIRSo recomenda maior quantidade de nutrientes, principalmente de P e K quando consideradas as maiores produtividades, fato confirmado pela análise de sensibilidade, que mostrou grande variação da dose a ser recomendada desses nutrientes com a produtividade de grãos. Esse fato pode ser considerado como vantagem do SIRSo em relação às tabelas, muitas das quais apresentam pouca ou nenhuma variabilidade das doses em relação à produtividade.<br>Fertilizer recommendations for agricultural crops in Brazil are based on tables that relate indexes of nutrient availability in the soil with the required dose of the nutrient. This study presents an alternative for lime and fertilizer recommendations for soybean, called SIRSo. This lime and fertilizer recommendation system for soybean considers the nutritional balance, i.e., recommendations are based on the difference between plant nutrient requirement and the nutrient supply from the soil through organic residues, fertilizers and liming. The system further takes a sustainability factor into consideration, aiming at the maintenance of soil nutrient levels that ensure a desired minimum yield in subsequent cultivations. The system considers two methods for liming recommendations: Al3+ neutralization and increased Ca2+ + Mg2+ contents or base saturation. Nutrient requirements vary according to the expected grain yield, the soil characteristics and plant recovery rate of the nutrient applied to the soil. The soil supply depends on the estimated nutrient availability based on the soil analysis, and on the recovery rate of the applied nutrient by the extractor. Comparisons of SIRSo-based recommendations with those of the tables used nationwide show that SIRSo generally recommends higher nutrient quantities, mainly for P and K, when the highest yields are considered. This fact was confirmed by the sensitivity analysis, which detected wide variation of the recommended dose for these nutrients according to the grain yield. This fact is considered an advantage of SIRSo over the tables, where recommendations of doses according to the yield are little or not adjustable at all