جريمة التعذيب “دراسة مقارنة”

ظاهرة التعذيب ظاهرة قديمة حديثة، عرفتها الشعوب والامم، ولها اغراض وغايات كثيرة يسعى الجلادون اليها، وتكمن خلفها اسباب كثيرة تساعد على انتشارها. وتمثل هذه الجريمة اعتداء صارخ على كرامة الانسان وحقه في سلامة بدنه الذي يعد ركيزة من ركائز البقاء لديه، سيما وان هذه الجريمة تتمثل بالجرح والضرب والعنف واعطاء المواد الضارة او ارتكاب اي فعل مخالف للقانون.&#x0D; لقد كان الهدف الاساس من اختيار هذا الموضوع هو حماية الانسان كونه الغاية والوسيلة والاداة الاساسية في اي تغيير وتعمير في المجتمعات، مما ينبغي والحال هذا ان تصان كرامته ويحفظ له الحق في سلامة بدنه، ورغم هذا نجد ان تقارير المنظمات المعنية بحقوق الانسان ومناهضة التعذيب تشير الى ان هذه الظاهرة الجرمية معدلاتها في ازدياد، وتفنن الجلادون في ايقاعها على الرغم من كل التشريعات الوطنية والمواثيق الدولية التي تحرمها وتدعوا الى محاسبة ومعاقبة مرتكبها. ان مساس التعذيب بالكرامة الانسانية جعل منه امرا محظورا وخطرا مطلقا، وليس هناك اي استثناء على هذا الحظر، حيث نصت عليه الاتفاقيات الدولية الرئيسية لحقوق الانسان، والاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان واتفاقية مناهضة التعذيب([i]).&#x0D; &#x0D; ([i]) ينظر م/1 من اعلان الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة لعام 1975، و م/1 من اتفاقية مناهضة التعذيب لعام 1984 و م/5 من الاعلان العالمي لحقوق الانسان و م/3 من الاتفاقية الاوربية لحقوق الانسان لعام 1995 و م/8 من الميثاق العربي لحقوق الانسان .</jats:p

Effect of A Moringa Oil&ndash;Beeswax Edible Coating on the Shelf-Life and Quality of Fresh Cucumber

Cucumbers are a popular vegetable consumed worldwide and are known for their nutritional value, containing carbohydrates, antioxidants, vitamin C, etc. The abundance of a high moisture content is correlated to cucumber perishability, which encourages investigation into ways to maintain its quality and increase shelf-life. This study was carried out to determine the effect of a moringa oil&ndash;beeswax coating on the quality of fresh cucumber at different storage temperatures for 27 days of storage. Freshly harvested cucumbers were divided into two groups: the first group was coated with the moringa oil&ndash;beeswax edible coating, while the other one was not coated (control). Each group was divided into three other subgroups, for storage at 4, 10, and 22 &deg;C. Different quality parameters, including weight loss, color change, firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), vitamin C, and pH, were evaluated. The findings showed that the weight loss of cucumber was highly increased in non-coated samples stored at high temperature. After 27 days of storage, the highest and lowest weight reduction % were recorded for non-coated cucumbers stored at 22 &deg;C (38.09%) and moringa oil&ndash;beeswax-coated cucumbers stored at 10 &deg;C (12.35%), respectively. Color analysis revealed that coating had a significant impact on color values, with distinct patterns in lightness, redness-greenness, and yellowness values for both treatments at various temperatures and days. The lightness values showed minimal fluctuations and stabilized at 13.65 at both 4 &deg;C and 10 &deg;C. Temperature and coating had a significant impact on pH levels, with the coating potentially exhibiting a protective effect on pH stability, particularly at lower temperatures (4 &deg;C). Additionally, both groups&rsquo; total acidity levels held steady over time and at various temperatures, with the coating having a highly significant effect on total acidity levels. The amount of vitamin C varied significantly with temperature and storage period, but the coating did not affect vitamin C content. At 22 &deg;C, there were notable variations in the vitamin C content over the storage period, with a final value of 37.7 mg/L on coated samples. Temperature and the duration of storage (p &lt; 0.05) had a significant impact on the levels of total soluble solids (TSS), whereas firmness values changed significantly over the storage period only. Moringa oil&ndash;beeswax edible coating has the potential to preserve the nutritional value and quality attributes of cucumber

Impact of the hole orientation of asymmetric GEM foils on the performance of single and triple GEM detectors

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) foil is an amplification stage that has been introduced to overcome the problem of discharges observed in gaseous detectors. There are two major production techniques of GEM foils: double-mask and single-mask etching. Despite being an effective method, an asymmetry is observed between the top and bottom diameters of GEM holes in single mask compared to double mask. In this paper we describe extensive simulations and experimental measurements to study this hole asymmetry and its effect on the performance of GEM based detectors. The experimental data is collected using GEM foils of various hole geometries and orientations. In simulations, the same dimensions are used to study the properties of the detector. Simulations are performed with the Garfield$^{++}$ simulation package along with ANSYS for creating the geometry of the GEM foils as well as the triple-GEM detector and the meshing needed for the field calculations. The simulation results match the observations from experimental measurements. The gains measured with single and triple-GEM detectors are lower if asymmetric foils are oriented with the smaller diameters towards the readout plane. Detailed simulation of the amplification and collection steps indicates that the lower gain is attributed to a loss of electrons at the GEM3 foil for the first time

Physical properties of plasticized PLA/HNTs bionanocomposites: effects of plasticizer type and content

Abstract Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films were utilized for different applications, such as packaging, drug recover and other applications. The incorporation of plasticizer into polymer nanocomposites modifies some of their functional and physical properties, such as increasing flexibility, moisture sensitivity, in addition to other functional properties. However, the effects of Polyethylen glycol (PEG) and sesame oil (SO) on selected physical properties (moisture content (MC), contact angle (CA) and water vapor permeability (WVP)) of PLA)/HNTs bionanocomposite films were examined. The plasticized PLA/HNTs (5 wt % HNTs loading) bionanocomposite films were prepared using the solution casting method at room temperature. The concentrations of each plasticizer that used indivisually were (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt %). Results show that the increasing of PEG content led to increase in moisture content and water vapor permeability and decrease in contact angle of the films. On the contrary, the increasing of SO levels led to decrease in moisture content and water vapor permeability and increase in contact angle of the films. Differences in measured physical properties of films with plasticizer type and concentration may be attributed to differences in the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the plasticizers. SO was the plasticizer that showed the most interested effect (low moisture content and water vapor permeability) on PLA/HNTs films for food packaging applications compared to PEG.</jats:p

The Influences of Different Bamboo Filler Loading on Tensile Properties and Impact Strength of RHDPE/BF Composites

Abstract Recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different loading of bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via injection molding. The fillers loading were reinforced with plastic for different loading which is 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% and 20 wt.% for two different matrixes, which is recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. Mechanical measurements will show the presence of different loading filler will insignificantly effect in the composites tensile strength and also impact. The result of the mechanical analysis carried out showed that the presence of natural filler in composites will improve the properties of the material.</jats:p

Slow Release Fertilizer from Treated Rice Straw/Urea Beads Coated With Natural Rubber: FTIR and UV-Vis Analysis

Abstract Slow release fertilizer (SRF) that consist of rice straw (RS) and urea coated with natural rubber (NR) and salt abbreviated as RS/Urea beads coated with NR/salt composites were prepared. RS was sieved in two different sizes which were 500 μm and 1 mm. Both of the RS sizes were treated with sodium hydroxide to expand the fibre capacity in order to store more urea. The RS/urea beads were then coated with NR/salt composite. Two concentrations of the salts prepared which were 5 % and 10 % towards the weight of the NR while 0 % salt act as a control. The role of salt is to introduce pore to the NR which allow urea to pass through its coating when soaked in the water. All SRF samples were analysed using FTIR and UV-Vis technique.</jats:p

Tensile Properties and Impact Strength of RHDPE/BF Composites: The Effects of Chemical Treatment

Abstract Recycled high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different chemical treatment with different concentration for bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via injection molding. The fillers were reinforced with plastic for different concentration of sodium hydroxide and acetic acid at 2.5 %, 5.0 % and 7.5 %. Mechanical measurements will show the presence of different chemical treatment with different concentration insignificantly effect in the composites tensile properties and also impact properties. The result of the mechanical analysis carried out showed that the presence of natural filler in composites will improve the properties of the material.</jats:p

Metal Oxide and Activated Carbon as Photocatalyst for Waste Water Treatment

Abstract Nanoparticles of metal oxide have great potential in the photocatalytic system for removal of heavy metals in wastewater. The usage of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as photocatalyst has gained much attention because of its unique properties compared to others metal oxide. The usage of activated carbon (AC) as adsorbent from agricultural wastes such as coconut shell, cotton stalks and rice husk (RH) has recently used nowadays due to it is characteristic and low cost. Besides, it can reduce the abundant of wastes from open burning occurs and also can minimizing air pollution. The combination of photocatalyst-absorption process has been introduced in photocatalytic activity via dip-coating techniques without involving the filtration process. This technique has seeking more attention of researchers for removal of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium Cr) and copper (Cu) in industrial wastewater treatment.</jats:p