Vertical-plane pendulum absorbers for minimizing helicopter vibratory loads

The use of pendulum dynamic absorbers mounted on the blade root and operating in the vertical plane to minimize helicopter vibratory loads was discussed. A qualitative description was given of the concept of the dynamic absorbers and some results of analytical studies showing the degree of reduction in vibratory loads attainable are presented. Operational experience of vertical plane dynamic absorbers on the OH-6A helicopter is also discussed

The effect of percentage of water, salt and acidity of butter to its keeping qualities

Citation: Nystrom, Amer B. The effect of percentage of water, salt and acidity of butter to its keeping qualities. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1907.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: With the advance of civilization there seems to be an increase in the demand for more fancy as well as more wholesome articles of food. This is not only in the line of delicacies but in staple articles as well. This increase in demand is very marked in the products of the dairy and creamery. Milk has been a very important article of food for ages back, but it was almost solely used as a beverage, and no attempt was made to find its composition or to learn what could be made of it. Butter, as we all know is made from the fat in milk. It is one of the oldest of foods. Even as far back as 2000 years B. C. we learn that the Hindoos were interested in cattle raising and valued their cows according to their yeild of butter. We know nothing of the quality of the butter made at that time, however,expect that it must have contained about as much casein as fat, judging from the Greek derivation of the word "butter" which means, cow cheese. Butter was first used as an ointment for injuries to the skin, later it was used to enrich cooked foods, and only the rich could afford to use it. It was seldom eaten fresh, the common practice was to melt it and store it underground, leaving it there for years, sometimes as long as a half century. Butter -making as we know it today has been in practice for a number of generations, but it has been only within the last twenty years that any attempt has been made to improve the product or make investigations concerning it. Even with the advanced learning on the dairy line, that we have today, there are many points that we are not clear on or indeed know nothing about. We know that bacteria

Random sampling vs. exact enumeration of attractors in random Boolean networks

We clarify the effect different sampling methods and weighting schemes have on the statistics of attractors in ensembles of random Boolean networks (RBNs). We directly measure cycle lengths of attractors and sizes of basins of attraction in RBNs using exact enumeration of the state space. In general, the distribution of attractor lengths differs markedly from that obtained by randomly choosing an initial state and following the dynamics to reach an attractor. Our results indicate that the former distribution decays as a power-law with exponent 1 for all connectivities $K>1$ in the infinite system size limit. In contrast, the latter distribution decays as a power law only for K=2. This is because the mean basin size grows linearly with the attractor cycle length for $K>2$, and is statistically independent of the cycle length for K=2. We also find that the histograms of basin sizes are strongly peaked at integer multiples of powers of two for $K<3$

Attractor and Basin Entropies of Random Boolean Networks Under Asynchronous Stochastic Update

We introduce a numerical method to study random Boolean networks with asynchronous stochas- tic update. Each node in the network of states starts with equal occupation probability and this probability distribution then evolves to a steady state. Nodes left with finite occupation probability determine the attractors and the sizes of their basins. As for synchronous update, the basin entropy grows with system size only for critical networks, where the distribution of attractor lengths is a power law. We determine analytically the distribution for the number of attractors and basin sizes for frozen networks with connectivity K = 1.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, in submissio

An Object-Based Approach to Modelling and Analysis of Failure Properties

In protection systems, when traditional technology is replaced by software, the functionality and complexity of the system is likely to increase. The quantitative evidence normally provided for safety certification of traditional systems cannot be relied upon in software-based systems. Instead there is a need to provide qualitative evidence. As a basis for the required qualitative evidence, we propose an object-based approach that allows modelling of both the application and software domains. From the object class model of a system and a formal specification of the failure properties of its components, we generate a graph of failure propagation over object classes, which is then used to generate a graph in terms of object instances in order to conduct fault tree analysis. The model is validated by comparing the resulting minimal cut sets with those obtained from the fault tree analysis of the original system. The approach is illustrated on a case study based on a protection system from..

The effect of qualitative expressions of magnitude in the letter to shareholders on investors' perceptions of earnings performance: Working paper series--03-18

Annual reports issued by publicly traded firms are important documents for communicating the financial performance of a company. In addition to the financial statements, annual reports contain non-numerical information (i.e., written expressions). The letter to shareholders is typically the first non-numerical item representing management's communication that a reader comes to in an annual report. The primary content of the letter to shareholders is a series of written expressions used to describe the company's financial situation. We report how readers' perceptions are influenced by one type of written expression often found in the letter to shareholders: Qualitative expressions of magnitude (e.g., "minimal," "moderate" or "sizable") used to describe the results of operations. Top management (e.g., presidents) very often uses qualitative expressions of magnitude in the letter to shareholders to describe the quantitative financial performance of the company found in the accompanying financial statements. Holding the actual percentage change in corporate earnings and other contextual factors constant, we find that the type of expression used in the letter to shareholders does influence readers' perception of financial performance reported in the financial statements. In addition, we find evidence that less sophisticated investors are influenced more by the use of qualitative expressions of magnitude

Signal words and signal icons in application control and information technology exception messages - Hazard matching and habituation effects: Working paper series--06-05

People often encounter warnings in various life situations. These warnings typically include a variety and combination of signal phrases (e.g., "Deadly") and signal icons (e.g., a skull and cross-bones). Users of information technology (IT) frequently encounter such signal words and icons in "exception messages" that appear on computer screens when the user performs an incorrect action or if a condition could arise that may result in a negative occurrence. For example, in the context of accounting application controls which deal with exposures within specific computer application programs. This paper reports the results of two experiments. The first examines the "arousal strength" associated with various signal words and signal icons that are commonly used in IT exception messages. An elicitation exercise was completed by 316 participants, in which each participant viewed exception messages containing combinations of signal words and signal icons and provided their perception as to the severity of a computer problem communicated by the exception message. The results can be used to achieve "hazard matching," whereby the severity of hazard that is implied by the signal word and icon within the exception message can be matched to the level of the potential hazard faced by the user. The second experiment investigated the factor of habituation and if the negative results of habituation can be overcome through the design of exception messages. A strong habituation effect was found to exist and the effect was also found to be mitigated by altering the signal word and icon combination of an exception message

Production of Trans-C18:1 and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production by Ruminal Microbes in Continuous Culture Fermenters Fed Diets Containing Fish Oil and Sun Flower Oil with Decreasing Levels of Forage

Previously, feeding fish oil (FO) and sunflower seeds to dairy cows resulted in the greatest increases in the concentrations of vaccenic acid (VA, t11 C18:1) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage level in diets containing FO and sunflower oil (SFO) on the production of trans C18:1 and CLA by mixed ruminal microbes. A dual-flow continuous culture system consisting of three fermenters was used in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. Treatments consisted of (1) 75:25 forage:concentrate (HF); (2) 50:50 forage:concentrate (MF); and (3) 25:75 forage:concentrate (LF). FO and SFO were added to each diet at 1 and 2 g/100 g dry matter (DM), respectively. The forage source was alfalfa pellets. During 10-day incubations, fermenters were fed treatment diets three times daily (140 g/day, divided equally between three feedings) as TMR diet. Effluents from the last 3 days of incubation were collected and composited for analysis. The concentration of trans C18:1 (17.20, 26.60, and 36.08 mg/g DM overflow for HF, MF, and LF treatments, respectively) increased while CLA (2.53, 2.35, and 0.81 mg/g DM overflow) decreased in a linear manner ( P \u3c 0.05) as dietary forage level decreased. As dietary forage levels decreased, the concentrations of t10 C18:1 (0.0, 10.5, 33.5 mg/g DM) in effluent increased ( P \u3c 0.05) and t10c12 CLA (0.08, 0.12, 0.35 mg/g DM) tended to increases ( P \u3c 0.09) linearly. The concentrations of VA (14.7, 13.9, 0.0 mg/g DM) and c9t11 CLA (1.78, 1.52, 0.03 mg/g DM) in effluent decreased in a linear manner ( P \u3c 0.05) as dietary forage levels decreased. Decreasing dietary forage levels resulted in t10 C18:1 and t10c12 CLA replacing VA and c9t11 CLA, respectively, in fermenters fed FO and SFO

The perceived hazard of earcons in information technology exception messages: The effect of musical dissonance: Working paper series--10-03

Users of information technology (IT) commonly encounter exception messages during their interactions with application programs to signal a computing problem or error. Exception messages often are accompanied by earcons which are aural messages of a musical nature used in the human-computer interface to provide information and feedback about some computer object, operation, or interaction. Utilizing the notion of musical dissonance earcons were designed that vary as to their degree of aural disagreeableness along a rank order scale. It is hypothesized that in the context of IT exception messages earcons with a higher degree of musical dissonance (aural disagreeableness) would be perceived as communicating a higher degree of hazard associated with the underlying computing problem signaled by an exception message. Participants rated the degree of hazard of each earcon presented in a random order in an experiment. Results of the data analysis indicate partial support of the hypothesis. The implications are that it may be possible to increase the degree of hazard matching in IT environments by designing earcons that accompany exception messages to communicate different levels of perceived hazard of an underlying computer problem