Inventarisasi Arthropoda pada Permukaan Tanah di Pertanaman Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.)

Suatu penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi Arthropoda yang berada pada ekosistem pertanaman Cabai (Capsicum annum L.) di Desa Lolu Kecamatan Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi telah berlangsung sejakbulan Februari sampai dengan April 2012. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tiga hamparan pertanaman cabai yang berbeda umur (yakni : 20, 40, dan 70 hari setelah tanam, hst). Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik alat perangkap sumuran Pitt fall trap dan piring umpan yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada setiap periode pengamatan jumlah individu Arthoropoda berbeda berdasarkan umur tanaman. Jumlah individu Arthropoda pada pengamatan ketiga lebih banyak di bandingkan denganpada pengamatan pertama dan kedua. Tinggi rendahnya populasi Arthropoda tersebut berkesesuaian dengan fase tumbuh tanaman yang menyediakan sumber makanan bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Arthropoda

Crude glycerol from waste cooking oil treatment as an alternative solvent in synthesis of diethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate

Abstract Diethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate, a 1,4-DHP derivative, has been synthesized from benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate via a one-pot three component reaction in crude glycerol as solvent. Crude glycerol was obtained from the treatment of waste cooking oil. The product was obtained in 69 % yield when the reaction was conducted at 90 °C for 1 h under reflux in 10 mL glycerol.</jats:p

Aqueous fraction of Sapindus rarak D.C. fruit extract mediated one-pot three component construction of 9,9-dimethyl-12-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-8H-benzo[a]xanthen-11(12H)-one

Abstract In this study, we report 3-component combination of 2-naphthol, dimedone and benzaldehyde in 9,9-dimethyl-12-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-8H-benzo[a]xanthen-11(12)-one synthesis using water fraction of Sapindus rarak D.C. fruit extract. This extract promoted an efficient synthesis under mild reaction conditions. The compound structure was confirmed by FT-IR and Mass analysis.</jats:p

An efficient one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines catalyzed by guanidine hydrochloride

Abstract Guanidine hydrochloride has been successfully used in one-pot three component assembly of aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate to produce 1,4-dihydropyridines. Optimization of reaction conditions revealed that 10 mol% guanidine at room temperature for 4 h in ethanol is the best condition for synthesis of compound 4a in 85 % yield. Furthermore, compound 4b was synthesized and obtained in 62 %.</jats:p