Application d'une technique E.L.I.S.A. au diagnostic sérologique de la toxoplasmose ovine : son intérêt pour les petits ruminants sahéliens

Les auteurs présentent une technique de diagnostic immunoenzymatique (ELISA) en microplaque de la toxoplasmose ovine, mettant en ouvre un conjugué marqué à la peroxydase et l'acide amino-5-salicylique purifié, comme substrat révélateur. La coloration très stable permet une lecture soit visuelle soit au densitomètre Vernon, directement dans les plaques de microtitration. Pour une étude épidémiologique chez les petits ruminants en milieu africain, cette technique permet, pour déterminer le titre en anticorps d'un sérum, l'utilisation de la méthode de dilution unique par comparaison avec une courbe étalon standard. Cette dernière est obtenue à partir de sérums positifs, tirés selon la technique de la dilution finale. Une concordance satisfaisante existe avec la méthode IF

The effect of renovation of long-term temperate grassland on N2O emissions and N leaching from contrasting soils

pre-printRenovation of long-term grassland is associated with a peak in soil organic N mineralisation which, coupled with diminished plant N uptake can lead to large gaseous and leaching N losses. This study reports on the effect of ploughing and subsequent N fertilisation on the N2O emissions and DON/NO3− leaching, and evaluates the impact of ploughing technique on the magnitude and profile of N losses. This study was carried out on isolated grassland lysimeters of three Irish soils representing contrasting drainage properties (well-drained Clonakilty, moderately-drained Elton and poorly-drained Rathangan). Lysimeters were manually ploughed simulating conventional (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) as two treatments. Renovation of grassland increased N2O flux to a maximum of 0.9 kg N2O–N ha− 1 from poorly-drained soil over four days after treatment. Although there was no difference between CT and MT in the post-ploughing period, the treatment influenced subsequent N2O after fertiliser applications. Fertilisation remained the major driver of N losses therefore reducing fertilisation rate post-planting to account for N mineralised through grassland renovation could reduce the losses in medium to longer term. Leaching was a significant loss pathway, with the cumulative drainage volume and N leached highly influenced by soil type. Overall, the total N losses (N2O + N leached) were lowest from poorly and moderately draining soil and highest for the well draining soil, reflecting the dominance of leaching on total N losses and the paramount importance of soil properties

Etude des sous-unités auxiliaires du canal sodium dépendant du potentiel chez l’insecte : approches moléculaires, électrophysiologiques et pharmacologiques (Thèse de Doctorat d'Université)

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel is a crucial molecular component of the cellular excitability. It represents a target of choice for neurotoxic insecticides used in pest control. Pyrazoline-type insecticide interacts with the main Nav channel subunit with a preference for its inactivated state. A recent study showed that auxiliary subunits of Drosophila melanogaster modified this conformation. However, little information is available concerning the role and the regulation of these auxiliary subunits. The objectives of this thesis were to characterize the auxiliary subunits of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana by molecular, electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches, in order to specify their functions. The first part of this work concerns the neuronal TEH1 subunit. Two variants, PaTEH1A and PaTEH1B resulting from an intron retention modifying only the C-terminal extremity, were cloned. Using the heterologous expression system Xenopus oocytes and the two microelectrodes voltage clamp technique, we highlighted that the C-terminal extremity was involved in the modulation of Nav channels electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. The second part concerns the discovery of other auxiliary subunits. We identified several variants resulting from alternative splicing events (2 variants for PaTipE and 4 for PaTEH2). Altogether, our results indicate that auxiliary subunits are diverse and play an important role in the modulation of Na+ current and should be considered to improve pharmacological studies

Stress fluctuation, crack renucleation and toughening in layered materials

It has been established that contrast in the elastic properties can lead to enhancement of fracture toughness in heterogeneous materials. Focussing on layered materials as a model system, we show that this enhancement is a result of two distinct phenomena – first, fluctuations in stress leading to regions where the stress intensity at the crack is considerably smaller than that of the macroscopically applied value; and second, the lack of stress intensity when a crack is at a compliant to stiff interface thereby requiring renucleation. Using theoretical, computational and experimental methods, we study two geometries – a layered material and a layered material with a narrow channel – to separate the two phenomena. The stress fluctuation is present in both, but renucleation is present only in the layered medium. We provide quantitative estimates for the enhanced toughness

X-MAS2: Study Systematics on the ICM Metallicity Measurements

(Abridged)The X-ray measurements of the ICM metallicity are becoming more frequent due to the availability of powerful X-ray telescope with excellent spatial and spectral resolutions. The information which can be extracted from the measurements of the alpha-elements, like Oxygen, Magnesium and Silicon with respect to the Iron abundance is extremely important to better understand the stellar formation and its evolutionary history. In this paper we investigate possible source of bias connected to the plasma physics when recovering metal abundances from X-ray spectra. To do this we analyze 6 simulated galaxy clusters processed through the new version of our X-ray MAp Simulator, which allows to create mock XMM-Newton EPIC MOS1 and MOS2 observations. By comparing the spectroscopic results to the input values we find that: i) Fe is recovered with high accuracy for both hot (T>3 keV) and cold (T<2 keV) systems; at intermediate temperatures, however, we find a systematic overestimate which depends on the number counts; ii) O is well recovered in cold clusters, while in hot systems its measure may overestimate by a factor up to 2-3; iii) Being a weak line, the measurement of Mg is always difficult; despite of this, for cold systems (T<2 keV) we do not find any systematic behavior, while for very hot systems (T>5 keV) the spectroscopic measurement may be strongly overestimated up to a factor of 4; iv) Si is well recovered for all the clusters in our sample. We investigate in detail the nature of the systematic effects and biases found. We conclude that they are mainly connected with the multi-temperature nature of the projected observed spectra and to the intrinsic limitation of the XMM-Newton EPIC spectral resolution that does not always allow to disentangle among the emission lines produced by different elements.Comment: (e.g.: 17 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, updated discussion to match published version-new section:6.3

Phase-field models for brittle and cohesive fracture

In this paper we first recapitulate some basic notions of brittle and cohesive fracture models, as well as the phase-field approximation to fracture. Next, a critical assessment is made of the sensitivity of the phase-field approach to brittle fracture, in particular the degradation function, and the use of monolithic versus partitioned solution schemes. The last part of the paper makes extensions to a recently developed phase-field model for cohesive fracture, in particular for propagating cracks. Using some simple examples the current state of the cohesive phase-field model is shown