Life without the Beach: Projected Sea Level Rise and its Impact on Barrier Islands Along the East Coast, USA

As climate change is becoming a global issue, the impact of sea level rise is increasingly becoming a threat to humans, wildlife, infrastructure, and ecosystems. To evaluate the effects of sea level rise on barrier islands and coastal regions, we studied future projections of sea level rise at Ocean City and Assateague Island, Maryland. We hypothesize that the sea levels at Assateague and Ocean City will have different beach profiles, and will show different levels of flooding through the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) simulations. We measured beach profiles at four locations, two at Ocean City and two at Assateague Island, to view the current beach profiles and found that Ocean City reveals a smaller average change in elevation compared to Assateague. We also used a LiDAR Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Ocean City and Assateague Island to run RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 simulations using GIS to represent the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected sea level rise for the year 2100. We found that Ocean City has higher predicted percentages of flooded land but smaller areas of flooded land compared to Assateague. These results indicate that significant areas of both Ocean City and Assateague Island will be flooded by 2100 regardless of which RCP simulation might be true. However, it is projected that the RCP 2.6 simulation is an underestimation of potential flooding and the future will more closely resemble the RCP 8.5 simulation if drastic precautions are not taken now. This will severely impact ecosystems, economies, and human life

La violencia en la escuela : detección y prevención de conductas violentas

En las sociedades actuales, debemos reconocer que la violencia atraviesa todas las esferas, ya sea económica, social, política y cultural. Para el presente trabajo, se reconoce que las relaciones sociales son siempre relaciones de poder, y como tales, siempre se hallan en ellas condiciones de opresión, abuso de autoridad y discriminación. La violencia se presenta como un fenómeno cotidiano en las prácticas sociales, se llega a naturalizar, actuando de un modo desprevenido y sorpresivo, no sólo frente a los atentados contra la propiedad, la agresión física y simbólica que se muestra a diario en los medios masivos de comunicación, sino también en otras formas como servicios públicos deficientes, pobreza, marginalidad, adicciones, entre otros. La propuesta de este trabajo es que los docentes puedan volver visibles las prácticas violentas a las que están sujetas las relaciones sociales de sus alumnos, dentro y fuera de la escuela, reconociendo inicialmente sus propias prácticas, como posibles portadoras de violencia.Fil: De Cara, Graciela B.. Universidad Nacional de San Jua

Management by Trajectory: Improving Predictability for Airspace Operations

In the present-day National Airspace System, the air traffic management system attempts to predict the trajectory for each flight based on the flight plan and scheduled or controlled departure time. However, gaps in trajectory data and models, coupled with tactical control actions that are not communicated to automation systems or other stakeholders, lead to trajectory predictions that are less accurate than they could be. This affects traffic flow management performance. Management by Trajectory (MBT) is a NASA concept for air traffic management in which every flight operates in accordance with a 4D trajectory that is negotiated between the airspace user and the FAA to account for the airspace users goals while complying with NAS constraints. The primary benefit of MBT is an improvement in system performance due to increased trajectory predictability and stability, which result from managing traffic in all four dimensions (2D route, vertical, and time), ensuring that changes to the flights trajectory are incorporated into the assigned trajectory, and utilizing improved time or arrival control standards. Importantly, the performance improvements support increasing efficiency without increasing collision risk. This paper provides an overview of MBT and describes fast-time simulation results evaluating the safety, performance, and efficiency effects of MBT

Sexual orientation health inequality: Evidence from Understanding Society , the UK Longitudinal Household Study

Few studies from the United Kingdom have fully investigated inequalities between members of different sexual minority groups and heterosexuals over range of health outcomes. Using data from over 40,000 individuals, this study explores the health inequalities of sexual minority UK adults. We include respondents who identify as other and those who prefer not to say (PNS). Data come from wave three (2011–2012) of the nationally-representative Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Sexual orientation was asked in the self-completion portion of the study. Markers of health include physical and mental functioning, minor psychological distress, self-rated health, substance use and disability. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses tested for differences in markers of health between sexual orientation groups. Overall, heterosexual respondents had the best health while bisexual respondents had the worst. Gay and lesbian respondents reported poorer health than heterosexuals, specifically with regards to mental functioning, distress and illness status. The other and PNS respondents were most similar to each other and generally experienced fewer health inequalities than gay and lesbian respondents; they were less likely to use tobacco or alcohol. In sum, sexual minorities experience health inequality. The inclusion of other and PNS respondents has not been done in other studies and shows that while they may be healthier than gay/lesbian and bisexual respondents they still experiences poorer health than heterosexuals. Health promotion interventions are needed for these other and PNS individuals, who might not participate in interventions targeted toward known sexual minority groups

Sponge exhalent seawater contains a unique chemical profile of dissolved organic matter

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PeerJ 5 (2017): e2870, doi:10.7717/peerj.2870.Sponges are efficient filter feeders, removing significant portions of particulate and dissolved organic matter (POM, DOM) from the water column. While the assimilation and respiration of POM and DOM by sponges and their abundant microbial symbiont communities have received much attention, there is virtually no information on the impact of sponge holobiont metabolism on the composition of DOM at a molecular-level. We applied untargeted and targeted metabolomics techniques to characterize DOM in seawater samples prior to entering the sponge (inhalant reef water), in samples exiting the sponge (exhalent seawater), and in samples collected just outside the reef area (off reef seawater). Samples were collected from two sponge species, Ircinia campana and Spheciospongia vesparium, on a near-shore hard bottom reef in the Florida Keys. Metabolic profiles generated from untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that many more compounds were enhanced in the exhalent samples than in the inhalant samples. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed differences in diversity and concentration of metabolites between exhalent and off reef seawater. For example, most of the nucleosides were enriched in the exhalent seawater, while the aromatic amino acids, caffeine and the nucleoside xanthosine were elevated in the off reef water samples. Although the metabolic profile of the exhalent seawater was unique, the impact of sponge metabolism on the overall reef DOM profile was spatially limited in our study. There were also no significant differences in the metabolic profiles of exhalent water between the two sponge species, potentially indicating that there is a characteristic DOM profile in the exhalent seawater of Caribbean sponges. Additional work is needed to determine whether the impact of sponge DOM is greater in habitats with higher sponge cover and diversity. This work provides the first insight into the molecular-level impact of sponge holobiont metabolism on reef DOM and establishes a foundation for future experimental studies addressing the influence of sponge-derived DOM on chemical and ecological processes in coral reef ecosystems.This work was funded by 54 backers through the crowdfunding platform Experiment (https://experiment.com/projects/how-do-sponges-influence-the-availability-of-nutrients-on-coral-reefs)

Información molecular vs información genealógica en la gestión de poblaciones

Tanto en el campo de la conservación como en el de la mejora genética, se han propuesto diversos métodos para gestionar una población controlando la pérdida de diversidad genética. En poblaciones no subdivididas, el método aceptado es determinar la contribución de cada posible padre (i.e., el número de descendientes que cada individuo deja a la siguiente generación), minimizando el parentesco global de los padres ponderado por estas contribuciones (Meuwissen, 1997; Grundy et al., 1998; Fernández et al., 2003). Los coeficientes de parentesco se obtienen normalmente de la genealogía, y en dicho caso, se optimiza el parentesco global genealógico. Sin embargo, la información genealógica no está siempre disponible, en cuyo caso se pueden usar marcadores moleculares para calcular el parentesco molecular o estimar el parentesco genealógico (Toro et al., 2009). Así, cuando no se dispone de genealogías, se puede minimizar el parentesco molecular global o el parentesco global genealógico estimado con los marcadores. Fernández et al. (2005) estudiaron mediante simulaciones la capacidad de la información molecular de reemplazar a la información genealógica, y concluyeron que el uso exclusivo de información molecular era claramente insuficiente. En dicho estudio, los autores se basaron en un número limitado de marcadores microsatélites, del orden de decenas. En la actualidad, gracias a los métodos de secuenciación de última generación, disponemos de miles de marcadores de tipo SNP, lo que hace necesaria una revisión de aquellas investigaciones que concluían que la utilidad de la información molecular era limitada e inferior a la genealógica. En este estudio, reevaluamos vía simulaciones la capacidad de la información genómica de reemplazar a la información genealógica para mantener diversidad genética en programas de conservación, usando un número de SNPs en línea con los datos actualmente disponible

Life long learning in rural areas: a report to the Countryside Agency

Lifelong Learning is a broad umbrella term which includes many different kinds of provision and different forms of learning. At its heart is formal learning, often classroom based, or involving paper and electronic media, undertaken within educational institutions such as colleges and universities. It may or may not lead to an award and it includes learning undertaken for vocational reasons as well as for general interest. It encompasses what are sometimes also known as adult education, continuing education, continuing professional development (cpd), vocational training and the acquisition of basic skills. It may also include work-based learning, and may overlap with post compulsory (post 16) education, i.e. with further education and higher education, but normally applies to all ‘adult learning’ i.e. by people over the age of 19, in particular those who are returning to study after completing their initial education. From the perspective of the individual learner, however, non-formal learning (organised, systematic study carried on outside the framework of the formal system) is also important. This forms a continuum with informal learning that occurs frequently in the process of daily living, sometimes coincidentally for example through information media or through interpretive provision (such as at museums or heritage sites ). This report focuses on those aspects of adult learning which are directly affected by government policies, and thus of prime concern for rural proofing

Adaptive Boolean Networks and Minority Games with Time--Dependent Capacities

In this paper we consider a network of boolean agents that compete for a limited resource. The agents play the so called Generalized Minority Game where the capacity level is allowed to vary externally. We study the properties of such a system for different values of the mean connectivity $K$ of the network, and show that the system with K=2 shows a high degree of coordination for relatively large variations of the capacity level.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure