In the beginning was the Word. Now is the Copyright

Since 2005 all Roman Pope's teaching is copyrighted. As the tenet of the Catholic Church is that of spreading the faith and teaching all the people, this seems at odds with any restriction of access. The Catholic Church, however, does not represent an exception, since the copyright is applied also in other religions. In this paper a simple model is presented in order to assess the possibility of rationalizing the exercize of the copyright by a religious organization. The analysis provides also more general indications about the working of the copyright, which seems to function more alike the right of drawing a tax than the right of setting a monopoly price, as currently thought.copyright, religion, royalties, taxation

Urinary excretion of RAS, BMP, and WNT pathway components in diabetic kidney disease.

Abstract The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and WNT pathways are involved in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study characterized assays for urinary angiotensinogen (AGT), gremlin-1, and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7), components of the RAS, BMP, and WNT pathways and examined their excretion in DKD. We measured urine AGT, gremlin-1, and MMP-7 in individuals with type 1 diabetes and prevalent DKD (n = 20) or longstanding (n = 61) or new-onset (n = 10) type 1 diabetes without DKD. These urine proteins were also quantified in type 2 DKD (n = 11) before and after treatment with candesartan. The utilized immunoassays had comparable inter- and intra-assay and intraindividual variation to assays used for urine albumin. Median (IQR) urine AGT concentrations were 226.0 (82.1, 550.3) and 13.0 (7.8, 20.0) μg/g creatinine in type 1 diabetes with and without DKD, respectively (P < 0.001). Median (IQR) urine gremlin-1 concentrations were 48.6 (14.2, 254.1) and 3.6 (1.7, 5.5) μg/g, respectively (P < 0.001). Median (IQR) urine MMP-7 concentrations were 6.0 (3.8, 10.5) and 1.0 (0.4, 2.9) μg/g creatinine, respectively (P < 0.001). Treatment with candesartan was associated with a reduction in median (IQR) urine AGT/creatinine from 23.5 (1.6, 105.1) to 2.0 (1.4, 13.7) μg/g, which did not reach statistical significance. Urine gremlin-1 and MMP-7 excretion did not decrease with candesartan. In conclusion, DKD is characterized by markedly elevated urine AGT, MMP-7, and gremlin-1. AGT decreased in response to RAS inhibition, suggesting that this marker reflects therapeutic response. Urinary components of the RAS, BMP, and WNT pathways may identify risk of DKD and aid development of novel therapeutics

Referred cutaneous allodynia in a migraine patient without simultaneous headache

Cutaneous allodynia is defined as the perception of pain when a non-noxious stimulus is applied to normal skin. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in migraine patients during an acute attack. It is thought to result from central sensitization of neurons in the trigemino-vascular system and may spread to areas beyond that of the referred head pain. In a recent study, migraine patients demonstrated increased temporal summation to painful mechanical stimuli in their referred head pain area between attacks. This suggests that changes in physiologic properties of nociceptive neurons may occur in migraine patients between attacks. We describe a migraine patient with interictal cutaneous allodynia contralateral to her usual head pain

Credit Programs for the Poor: A Tale of Two Studies

Alongside with the poverty alleviation program is the effort to make credit accessible to small and poor households. Despite the government’s effort of resource mobilization towards these programs, poverty is still widespread. Reviewing the directed-credit programs implemented by the government non-financial agencies and by the government financial institutions this issue shows that these have exhibited dreary performance. Measures of reforms are advocated.money and banking, credit program, credit market

Towards a clinical staging for bipolar disorder: defining patient subtypes based on functional outcome.

BACKGROUND: The functional outcome of Bipolar Disorder (BD) is highly variable. This variability has been attributed to multiple demographic, clinical and cognitive factors. The critical next step is to identify combinations of predictors that can be used to specify prognostic subtypes, thus providing a basis for a staging classification in BD. METHODS: Latent Class Analysis was applied to multiple predictors of functional outcome in a sample of 106 remitted adults with BD. RESULTS: We identified two subtypes of patients presenting "good" (n=50; 47.6%) and "poor" (n=56; 52.4%) outcome. Episode density, level of residual depressive symptoms, estimated verbal intelligence and inhibitory control emerged as the most significant predictors of subtype membership at the p<0.05 level. Their odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) with reference to the "good" outcome group were: episode density (OR=4.622, CI 1.592-13.418), level of residual depressive symptoms (OR=1.543, CI 1.210-1.969), estimated verbal intelligence (OR=0.969; CI 0.945-0.995), and inhibitory control (OR=0.771, CI 0.656-0.907). Age, age of onset and duration of illness were comparable between prognostic groups. LIMITATIONS: The longitudinal stability or evolution of the subtypes was not tested. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide the first empirically derived staging classification of BD based on two underlying dimensions, one for illness severity and another for cognitive function. This approach can be further developed by expanding the dimensions included and testing the reproducibility and prospective prognostic value of the emerging classes. Developing a disease staging system for BD will allow individualised treatment planning for patients and selection of more homogeneous patient groups for research purposes

A new generation photodetector for astroparticle physics: the VSiPMT

The VSiPMT (Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube) is an innovative design we proposed for a revolutionary photon detector. The main idea is to replace the classical dynode chain of a PMT with a SiPM (G-APD), the latter acting as an electron detector and amplifier. The aim is to match the large sensitive area of a photocathode with the performance of the SiPM technology. The VSiPMT has many attractive features. In particular, a low power consumption and an excellent photon counting capability. To prove the feasibility of the idea we first tested the performance of a special non-windowed SiPM by Hamamatsu (MPPC) as electron detector and current amplifier. Thanks to this result Hamamatsu realized two VSiPMT industrial prototypes. In this work, we present the results of a full characterization of the VSiPMT prototype

Engaging Older Youth: Program and City-Level Strategies to Support Sustained Participation in Out-of-School Time

With support from The Wallace Foundation, the Harvard Family Research Project and P/PV conducted a study of almost 200 out-of-school-time (OST) programs in six cities to better understand how they promote sustained participation among older youth.The resulting data indicated that two of the most important practices distinguishing high-retention programs were: ample leadership opportunities for youth and high levels of staff efforts to keep informed about participants' lives outside the programs. The study also compares and contrasts effective practices for middle school- versus high school-aged youth, noting the shortcomings of "one-size-fits-all" strategies. Finally, Engaging Older Youth details the influence of city-level OST initiatives on programs and identifies the types of city-level services that likely support participation

Realidades y representaciones sociales de las niñas y los niños de la calle de Perú

El presente artículo refleja una investigación llevada a cabo en Lima (Perú) entre profesores de la Universidad de Granada, de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y profesionales locales que trabajan en el área. El trabajo se orienta al análisis de las niñas y los niños de la calle desde las representaciones sociales, haciendo aproximaciones al contexto, y procurando construir unos rasgos tipológicos del colectivo con relación al consumo de drogas, especialmente del alcohol, tabaco e inhalantes. Los resultados evidencian a unos menores con grandes carencias y necesidades básicas, en un contexto de alto riesgo y vulneración, en el que la relación con las drogas se transmite a través de beneficios percibidos y la satisfacción de tales necesidades. Las representaciones sociales son valoraciones llenas de benignidad y otorgan a las drogas propiedades medicinales, ayudas personales, sociales, etc. No obstante, son barreras que limitan o impiden desarrollar sus potencialidades y disfrutar el hecho de ser niño. Finalmente, el trabajo permite un acercamiento a las representaciones sociales de difícil abordaje, aportando un análisis más allá de los hechos concretos, y ofreciendo las bases para la acción desde modelos socioeducativos de transferencia de los beneficios, símbolos y percepciones atribuidos a las sustancias