Processing of chloroplast ribosomal RNA transcripts in Euglena gracilis bacillaris

The ribosomal RNA operons ( rrn operons) of Euglena gracilis chloroplasts contain genes for (in order) 16S rRNA, tRNA Ile , tRNA Ala , 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA. Major sites of cleavage of the primary rrn transcript were identified by Northern blot hybridization and S1-mapping. The presumptive termini of all of the mature products have now been identified. During initial processing in the chloroplast, the primary transcript is cleaved between the two tRNAs and between the 23S and 5S rRNAs so as to separate the sequences found in the different mature rRNAs. Subsequently the tRNAs are separated from the rRNAs, further trimming provides the remaining proper ends, and the 3′-ends of the tRNAs are added.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46969/1/294_2004_Article_BF00419917.pd

Oral communication and auditory skills of hearing impaired children and adolescents and the speech therapy rehabilitation process

ABSTRACTPurpose: to analyze auditory and oral communication behaviors in a group of children and adolescents, users of cochlear implants and to establish a relationship with factors that interfere with aural rehabilitation.Methods: participants were 13 children or adolescents with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Standardized procedures were applied to check: the auditory and oral communication behaviors of participants and their relationships with the child's age at diagnosis period; the interval between diagnosis and intervention, adaptation onset of the cochlear implant; the hearing age and aural rehabilitation period.Results: statistically significant data were found to correlate the interval between diagnosis and intervention with the scores in the evaluation procedures of oral communication.Conclusion: there was a significant impact on the development of oral communication when the period elapsed between the diagnosis and intervention was analyzed, in such way that the faster the intervention time, the better the results. It was also evident that the earlier the beginning of the use of cochlear implants, the greater the hearing age, and the longer the rehabilitation period, the better the scores in the procedures that evaluated auditory and verbal development.RESUMOObjetivo: analisar os comportamentos auditivos e de comunicação oral em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes usuários de implante coclear e estabelecer relações com fatores que interferem na reabilitação auditiva.Métodos: participaram deste estudo 13 crianças ou adolescentes com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural profunda bilateral. Foram aplicados procedimentos padronizados para verificar: o comportamento auditivo e de comunicação oral dos participantes e estabelecidas relações com a idade da criança no período do diagnóstico; o intervalo entre o diagnóstico e a intervenção, época de ativação do implante coclear; a idade auditiva e o período de reabilitação auditiva.Resultados: foram encontrados dados estatisticamente significantes ao correlacionar o intervalo entre o diagnóstico e a intervenção com os escores dos procedimentos de avaliação da comunicação oral.Conclusão: houve impacto significante no desenvolvimento da comunicação oral quando analisado o período transcorrido entre o diagnóstico e a intervenção, de tal forma que quanto mais rápida a intervenção, melhores os resultados. Foi evidente também que quanto mais precoce o início da utilização do implante coclear, maior idade auditiva e maior o período de reabilitação, melhores foram os escores nos procedimentos que avaliaram desenvolvimento auditivo e verbal