The Trial and Conviction of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Politics as an Obstacle to the Right to a Fair Trial

Given the nature of this paper, I felt it necessary to explain my purpose in choosing the Rosenberg-Sobell trial as the subject of my senior honors thesis, and the methodology used in approaching this topic. My purpose in choosing this subject was twofold: First, I wanted to demonstrate the research and writing skills that I have developed during my four years as a student of history. This paper is intended to be a research paper. While I believe that there are some fascinating and controversial arguments discussed in this paper, I cannot claim to have originated any of these theories. Instead, I have attempted to combine the most significant points of many scholars into a paper that provides a relatively thorough understanding of the Rosenberg-Sobell trial. There is a host of outstanding books and journal articles on this topic, but most of the authors that write about the Rosenbergs conduct their research, develop their own theories, and tend to ignore the work that has already been done. The second reason for choosing this subject is personal. I enjoy studying the American legal system, and I selfishly chose this subject because I considered it fascinating. Furthermore, I believe this to be an important subject. The execution of the Rosenbergs represents a failure for not only the American legal system, but the entire system of American politics. In understanding how these events happened, one develops a better understanding of the problems associated with majoritarian politics and the need to establish bulwarks against the evisceration of minority rights. Few historical events better teach that lesson

The speaking vocabulary of grade two

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

A universal scaling law for the strength of metal micropillars and nanowires

The yield strength of sub-micron single-crystal metal pillars and wires increases with decreasing pillar diameter. Here, we show that the yield stress (resolved onto a slip system), σrss, scaled by shear modulus, μ, and the diameter, d, scaled by Burgers vector, b, shows the following universal correlation: σrss / μ = A (d / b)m; for face-centred cubic (fcc) metals A = 0.71 and m = -0.66. Data for Mo and a Mo alloy are found to approximately obey the fcc correlation, despite having a different crystal structure. © 2009 Acta Materialia Inc

Bacteriology of butter IV. Bacteriological studies on surface taint butter

1. The surface taint butter examined often contained large numbers of bacteria, as determined by the plate method, and with some of the samples the counts were very high; with a few samples the counts were comparatively low. The counts were higher on the surface portion of a sample than on the interior portion in all but 1 of 20 comparisons. 2. The surface taint butter examined usually contained large numbers of yeasts, with the surface portion of a sample commonly containing a larger number than the interior portion; the butter showed some mold counts that were high and a few that were surprisingly high, the counts on the surface portion generally being higher than on the interior portion. 3. The general types of bacteria found in surface taint butter by picking colonies into litmus milk from beef infusion agar plates were essentially the same as those found in any lot of butter containing considerable numbers of organisms. 4. Surface taint could not be produced in butter by inoculating a normal product, either salted or unsalted, with surface taint butter but could be developed by inoculating the defective butter into pasteurized cream and churning the cream; from 2 to 4 days were required for the surface taint to develop at 15.6°C. (60°F.) and from 7 to 10 days at 5°C. (41°F.). 5. Surface taint sometimes developed in commercial butter held at temperatures very favorable for bacterial growth; in most cases the butter that developed surface taint was unsalted or had a low salt content. 6. Excessive numbers of organisms were found when either experimental or commercial surface taint butter was examined microscopically. 7. The organisms which predominated on beef infusion agar plates poured with surface taint butter did not produce surface taint when inoculated into pasteurized cream and the cream churned. 8. An organism capable of producing surface taint when inoculated into pasteurized cream and the cream churned was first isolated from a sample of Canadian butter by plating on beef infusion agar and picking colonies into litmus milk; at the time of the appearance of surface taint in experimental butter the numbers of organisms per milliliter, as determined by the plate method, were comparatively small. The organism was believed to be an undescribed species and was tentatively designated Achromobacter putrefaciens. 9. By the use of an enrichment method consisting of inoculating butter into litmus milk, holding this at 5°C. (41°F.) and then plating on beef infusion agar and picking colonies into litmus milk, A. putrefaciens was secured from five additional samples of surface taint butter, three from Canada and two from the United States. From a considerable number of surface taint samples A. putrefaciens could not be secured. 10. Organisms, other than A. putrefaciens, which would produce surface taint were isolated from a number of samples of surface taint butter. These organisms were always found in small numbers. 11. Organisms which would produce surface taint were isolated from a total of 17 samples of commercial surface taint butter, 6 from Canada and 11 from the United States. 12. Organisms capable of producing surface taint could not be isolated from a considerable number of samples of surface taint butter, although with some of the samples the defect could be carried through a series of experimental churnings by using defective butter to inoculate the cream. 13. The organisms which would produce surface taint were greatly restrained by the use of medium salt percentages or butter culture in the making of butter. A. putrefaciens failed to grow in skimmilk acidified with lactic acid to 0.30 or 0.31 percent but did develop when the milk was acidified to 0.27, 0.28 or 0.29 percent. 14. In the trials carried out with Ps. fluorescens by inoculating pasteurized cream and churning the cream, rancidity regularly developed. 15. There appeared to be rather distinct variations in the samples of butter sent to the laboratory as examples of surface taint

Biofabrication : reappraising the definition of an evolving field

Biofabrication is an evolving research field that has recently received significant attention. In particular, the adoption of Biofabrication concepts within the field of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine has grown tremendously, and has been accompanied by a growing inconsistency in terminology. This article aims at clarifying the position of Biofabrication as a research field with a special focus on its relation to and application for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Within this context, we propose a refined working definition of Biofabrication, including Bioprinting and Bioassembly as complementary strategies within Biofabrication

Carbon-13 Dynamic MRS and MRSI of Normal and Fasted Rat Liver with Hyperpolarized C-Pyruvate

BACKGROUND: The use of in vivo (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in probing metabolic pathways to study normal metabolism and characterize disease physiology has been limited by its low sensitivity. However, recent technological advances have enabled greater than 50,000-fold enhancement of liquid-state polarization of metabolically active (13)C substrates, allowing for rapid assessment of (13)C metabolism in vivo. The present study applied hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the investigation of liver metabolism, demonstrating for the first time the feasibility of applying this technology to detect differences in liver metabolic states. PROCEDURES: [1-(13)C]pyruvate was hyperpolarized with a dynamic nuclear polarization instrument and injected into normal and fasted rats. The uptake of pyruvate and its conversion to the metabolic products lactate and alanine were observed with slice-localized dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 3D magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (3D-MRSI). RESULTS: Significant differences in lactate to alanine ratio (P < 0.01) between normal and fasted rat liver slice dynamic spectra were observed. 3D-MRSI localized to the fasted livers demonstrated significantly decreased (13)C-alanine levels (P < 0.01) compared to normal. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the initial demonstration of characterizing metabolic state differences in the liver with hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopy and shows the ability to detect physiological perturbations in alanine aminotransferase activity, which is an encouraging result for future liver disease investigations with hyperpolarized magnetic resonance technology

Biofabrication: reappraising the definition of an evolving field

Biofabrication is an evolving research field that has recently received significant attention. In particular, the adoption of Biofabrication concepts within the field of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine has grown tremendously, and has been accompanied by a growing inconsistency in terminology. This article aims at clarifying the position of Biofabrication as a research field with a special focus on its relation to and application for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Within this context, we propose a refined working definition of Biofabrication, including Bioprinting and Bioassembly as complementary strategies within Biofabrication.1111377Ysciescopu

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Titanium Alloy Diffusion Bonding

During the diffusion bond process, parts are heated to about one half the absolute melting point, pressed together at a stress below the macroscopic yield stress, and conditions maintained for a specified time. Bonding proceeds through three steps: local yielding of contact points upon initial application of stress; creep deformation on the bonding plane to yield discontinuous voids; and closure of voids by vacancy diffusion. Presently, nondestructive evaluation emphasizes detection of residual unbonds and voids, from incomplete void isolation or closure

Supramolecular approach to new inkjet printing inks

Electronically complementary, low molecular weight polymers that self-assemble through tunable π−π stacking interactions to form extended supramolecular polymer networks have been developed for inkjet printing applications and successfully deposited using three different printing techniques. Sequential overprinting of the complementary components results in supramolecular network formation through complexation of π-electron rich pyrenyl or perylenyl chain-ends in one component with π-electron deficient naphthalene diimide residues in a chain-folding polyimide. The complementary π−π stacked polymer blends generate strongly colored materials as a result of charge-transfer absorption bands in the visible spectrum, potentially negating the need for pigments or dyes in the ink formulation. Indeed, the final color of the deposited material can be tailored by varying the end-groups of the π-electron rich polymer component. Piezoelectric printing techniques were employed in a proof of concept study to allow characterization of the materials deposited, and a thermal inkjet printer adapted with imaging software enabled in situ analysis of the ink drops as they formed and of their physical properties. Finally, continuous inkjet printing allowed greater volumes of material to be deposited, on a variety of different substrate surfaces, and demonstrated the utility and versatility of this novel type of ink for industrial applications

Cylindrical Magnets and Ideal Solenoids

Both wire-wound solenoids and cylindrical magnets can be approximately modeled as ideal, azimuthally symmetric solenoids. We present here an exact solution for the magnetic field of an ideal solenoid in an especially easy to use form. The field is expressed in terms of a single function that can be rapidly computed by means of a compact, highly efficient algorithm, which can be coded as an add-in function to a spreadsheet, making field calculations accessible even to introductory students. In computational work these expressions are not only accurate but also just as fast as most approximate expressions. We demonstrate their utility by numerically simulating the experiment of dropping a cylindrical magnet through a nonmagnetic conducting tube and then comparing the calculation with data obtained from experiments suitable for an undergraduate laboratory.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, revTe