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Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid) from murraya koenigii (rutaceae) leaves

Murraya koenigii leaves (Rutaceae) are used traditionally in Indian Ayurvedic system to treat diabetes. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid from Murraya koenigii leaves) on blood glucose and serum lipid profiles on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male Wistar rats by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (45mg/kg). Mahanimbine (50 and 100mg/kg) were administrated as a single dose per week to the diabetic rats for 30 days. The control group received 0.3% w/v sodium carboxy methyl cellulose for the same duration. Fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles were measured in the diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In addition, in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects of mahanimbine were performed. Results: In the diabetic rats, the elevated fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein levels were reduced and high density lipoprotein level was increased by mahanimbine at a dose of 50 and 100mg/kg (i.p). In addition, mahanimbine showed appreciable alpha amylase inhibitory effect and weak alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects when compared with acarbose. Conclusions: The present study indicated that mahanimbine possess anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic effects. Thus results suggesting mahanimbine has beneficial effect in the management of diabetes associated with abnormal lipid profile and related cardiovascular complications.Keywords: Streptozotocin; Hypoglycemic; Hypolipidemic; Mahanimbin

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid) from murraya koenigii (rutaceae) leaves

Murraya koenigii leaves (Rutaceae) are used traditionally in Indian Ayurvedic system to treat diabetes. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of mahanimbine (carbazole alkaloid from Murraya koenigii leaves) on blood glucose and serum lipid profiles on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male Wistar rats by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (45mg/kg). Mahanimbine (50 and 100mg/kg) were administrated as a single dose per week to the diabetic rats for 30 days. The control group received 0.3% w/v sodium carboxy methyl cellulose for the same duration. Fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles were measured in the diabetic and non-diabetic rats. In addition, in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects of mahanimbine were performed. Results: In the diabetic rats, the elevated fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein levels were reduced and high density lipoprotein level was increased by mahanimbine at a dose of 50 and 100mg/kg (i.p). In addition, mahanimbine showed appreciable alpha amylase inhibitory effect and weak alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects when compared with acarbose. Conclusions: The present study indicated that mahanimbine possess anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic effects. Thus results suggesting mahanimbine has beneficial effect in the management of diabetes associated with abnormal lipid profile and related cardiovascular complications

STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF INTERFIBRILLARY MATERIALS PART-II:

Eco-concerns are forcing the leather industry to shift itself from chemical based processing to bio-processing. The use of enzymes for unhairing and bating has been long established and well reported; but the use of ¦Á-amylase for fiber opening is a recent development, which advocates the complete elimination of lime. Though the bio-based fiber opening process is established to be an eco-friendly alternative, it is essential to establish its effectiveness versus the conventional liming process by more objective methods. Hence in this work an attempt has been made for quantitative analysis of inter-fibrillary materials viz., proteins, proteoglycans and glycasoaminoglycans(GAGs) released from the skin matrix by the use of complete enzyme based beamhouse process, especially the effect of ¦Á-amylase in beamhouse processes. It is observed that treatment of 2% ¦Á-amylase for a time period of 180 min is sufficient for the removal of optimum amount of inter-fibrillary materials especially, proteoglycans. Matched pair comparison of experimental bio-based processing has been made with conventional lime based processing and it is observed that the removal of proteoglycans were comparable in both these processes. Also, the crust leathers processed from the matched pair beamhouse processes were compared for their organoleptic and strength characteristics. Both experimental bio-processed leather and conventionally processed control leather were observed to be comparable. This work further authenticates that a completely bio-based beamhouse process is not only eco-friendly but also results in a similar effect on the removal of inter-fibrillary material compared to conventional lime based process. Las preocupaciones ecol¨®gicas est¨¢n obligando a la industria del cuero a un cambio de ser un proceso qu¨ªmico a ser un bio-proceso. El uso de enzimas para el pelambre y rendido ha sido establecido hace tiempo con buenos resultados reportados, pero el uso de ¦Á-amilasa para la apertura de las fibras es un desarrollo reciente, que aboga por la eliminaci¨®n completa de cal. Aunque la base biol¨®gica para el proceso de apertura de las fibras se cre¨® para ser una alternativa eco-amigable, es esencial para establecer su eficacia en comparaci¨®n con el proceso de encalado convencional empleando m¨¦todos m¨¢s objetivos. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se ha utilizado el an¨¢lisis cuantitativo de materia interfibrilar como son prote¨ªnas, proteoglicanos y glicosaminoglicanos (GAG), obtenidos de la matriz de la piel, por el uso del proceso completo de pelambre basado en enzimas, en especial por el efecto de la ¦Á-amilasa en los procesos de ribera. Se ha observado que el tratamiento con 2% de ¦Á-amilasa durante un per¨ªodo de tiempo de 180 minutos es suficiente para la eliminaci¨®n de una cantidad ¨®ptima de materiales interfibrilares, en particular, proteoglicanos. En una comparaci¨®n del bio-proceso experimental y el tratamiento convencional basado en cal, se observa que la eliminaci¨®n de los proteoglicanos fueron comparables en ambos procesos. Adem¨¢s, el cuero semiterminado elaborado a partir de ambos procesos de ribera equivalentes se compar¨® por sus caracter¨ªsticas organol¨¦pticas y f¨ªsicas. Tanto el proceso bio-experimental como el proceso convencional de control, se observaron como comparables. Este trabajo confirma adem¨¢s que una ribera basada en un bio-proceso no es solamente eco-amigable sino que resulta en un efecto de remoci¨®n de los materiales interfibrilares similar al proceso convencional a base de cal

BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HCG (HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN)

Objective: To develop and validate simple, rapid, specific, accurate and precise bioanalytical method for determination of the HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) by RP-HPLC method by using human urine.Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed using Phenom enex C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μ, 300 °A) column. Mobile phase composed of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05M) and acetonitrile (87.5:12.5 % v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection was carried out using UV detector at 215 nm. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as an internal standard (ISTD) and extraction was carried out using protein precipitation method. The method was validated as per USFDA guidelines.Results: The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.37 to 48.4 µg/ml. and correlation coefficient (R2) was found to be 0.9983 and the Lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 0.37 µg/ml. Recovery was found more than 94.0% for HCG. The % CV for interday and intraday precision was found to be less than Ë‚1%.Conclusion: A simple, rapid, specific, accurate and precise analytical method was developed and validated by using human urine.Â

Significance of fermented rice beverage on management of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) on Wistar rats

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea (AAD) is caused mostly by disruption of the physiological gut microflora. One potential strategy to prevent this is the concurrent use of probiotic bacteria or yeast. Tribal populations of West Garo Hill region of Meghalaya use locally available unique microflora to prepare fermented food products whichserve as a potential source of novel probiotic organisms and bioactive compounds.  In this context, here, we have evaluated the potentiality of laboratory made functional fermented rice beverage in mitigating AAD on animal models viz. Wistar rats. The animal models were administered with fermented rice beverage (test group A1), combination of indigenous Lactobacillus isolates (test group A2), a yeast isolate (test group A3), loperamide (test group STD), normal control (test group NC) and disease control (test group DC). Furthermore, various diarrhea assessment parameters were checked from each group followed by analysis of fecal microbiome, haematological parameters, histopathology of colon, liver and cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) determination. NC and A1 was least affected by AAD induction with a faecal consistency score of 1 on the final day of the study. After day 10, a significant reduction (P <0.05) in the faecal water content was observed in A1, A2 and STD till day 15. Compared to the NC, a slight decrease in body weight was found in the rest of five test groups at day 5, 10 and 15. Except NC, the remaining five test groups showed a significant decrease of lactobacilli and yeast counts in faecal microbiota at 5th day. An increase in the enterococci and coliform counts indicated severe diarrheal condition but A1 reported with significant increase (P <0.05) in the population of Lactobacillus at day 15. An increase in red blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was observed. During the histopathology analysis of colon and liver, normal layers of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serous with absence of any abnormal changes or lesions was seen in A1. The cecal concentrations of lactate, acetate and propionate were significantly higher in A1 as compared to the other test groups. Therefore, fermented rice beverage possesses potential to be used in inhibition of antibiotic associated diarrhea with further clinical investigations

Antioxidant rich flavonoids from Oreocnide integrifolia enhance glucose uptake and insulin secretion and protects pancreatic β-cells from streptozotocin insult

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Insulin deficiency is the prime basis of all diabetic manifestations and agents that can bring about insulin secretion would be of pivotal significance for cure of diabetes. To test this hypothesis, we carried out bioactivity guided fractionation of <it>Oreocnide integrifolia </it>(Urticaceae); a folklore plant consumed for ameliorating diabetic symptoms using experimental models.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We carried out bioassay guided fractionation using RINmF and C2C12 cell line for glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose uptake potential of fractions. Further, the bioactive fraction was challenged for its GSIS in cultured mouse islets with basal (4.5 mM) and stimulated (16.7 mM) levels of glucose concentrations. The Flavonoid rich fraction (FRF) was exposed to 2 mM streptozotocin stress and the anti-ROS/RNS potential was evaluated. Additionally, the bioactive fraction was assessed for its antidiabetic and anti-apoptotic property <it>in-vivo </it>using multidose streptozotocin induced diabetes in BALB/c mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results suggested FRF to be the most active fraction as assessed by GSIS in RINm5F cells and its ability for glucose uptake in C2C12 cells. FRF displayed significant potential in terms of increasing intracellular calcium and cAMP levels even in presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX in cultured pancreatic islets. FRF depicted a dose-dependent reversal of all the cytotoxic manifestations except peroxynitrite and NO formation when subjected <it>in-vitro </it>along with STZ. Further scrutinization of FRF for its <it>in-vivo </it>antidiabetic property demonstrated improved glycemic indices and decreased pancreatic β-cell apoptosis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Overall, the flavonoid mixture has shown to have significant insulin secretogogue, insulinomimetic and cytoprotective effects and can be evaluated for clinical trials as a therapeutant in the management of diabetic manifestations.</p

Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Fungal Associates of Conifer Bark Beetles and their Potential in Bark Beetle Control

Conifer bark beetles attack and kill mature spruce and pine trees, especially during hot and dry conditions. These beetles are closely associated with ophiostomatoid fungi of the Ascomycetes, including the genera Ophiostoma, Grosmannia, and Endoconidiophora, which enhance beetle success by improving nutrition and modifying their substrate, but also have negative impacts on beetles by attracting predators and parasites. A survey of the literature and our own data revealed that ophiostomatoid fungi emit a variety of volatile organic compounds under laboratory conditions including fusel alcohols, terpenoids, aromatic compounds, and aliphatic alcohols. Many of these compounds already have been shown to elicit behavioral responses from bark beetles, functioning as attractants or repellents, often as synergists to compounds currently used in bark beetle control. Thus, these compounds could serve as valuable new agents for bark beetle management. However, bark beetle associations with fungi are very complex. Beetle behavior varies with the species of fungus, the stage of the beetle life cycle, the host tree quality, and probably with changes in the emission rate of fungal volatiles. Additional research on bark beetles and their symbiotic associates is necessary before the basic significance of ophiostomatoid fungal volatiles can be understood and their applied potential realized