Human T cell responses to IL-1 and IL-6 are dependent on signals mediated through CD2.

Abstract We investigated the involvement of IL-1 and IL-6 in activation of resting human T lymphocytes via the Ti-Ag receptor/CD3-dependent and the CD2-dependent pathways, respectively. When lymphocytes were triggered through CD3-Ti, neither IL-1 nor IL-6 nor the combination of both cytokines was capable of inducing a proliferative response, whereas addition of monocytes or IL-2 to such a system mediated DNA synthesis and cellular mitosis. In contrast, in the presence of submitogenic concentrations of mAb directed at CD2, IL-1 and/or IL-6 produced marked comitogenic dose-dependent effects. Moreover, although the action of IL-1 was clearly dependent on expression of the IL-2/IL-2R system, proliferation to CD2 antibody plus IL-6 could not be blocked by mAb directed at the IL-2R and/or IL-4. T cell responsiveness to both IL-1 and IL-6 was facilitated in the presence of CD58-like signals as delivered by human rCD58, SRBC or a mAb (anti-T111A), which binds to an interaction site for CD58 on the human CD2 molecule. These findings indicate that CD2 and its ligand CD58 play an important role in T cell/monocyte interactions during primary immune responses by means of upregulating T cell susceptibility to monocyte-derived cytokines.</jats:p

"A right to 'read' for machines: assessing a black-box analysis exception for data mining"

This panel looks into the impact of the current copyright framework in the European Union on text and data mining (TDM) and discusses the impact of introducing a TDM exception in EU copyright law. A design of this exception is proposed for the panel, and is partially based on findings in the Horizon 2020 FutureTDM project. This project aims to improve uptake of text and data mining (TDM) in the EU and, in that regard, has studied the legal barriers to TDM and will be developing and recommending a policy framework in the future. Part of this policy framework will consist of possible actions to be undertaken by the -European and national – legislators. A TDM exception is considered to include in the recommendations and we therefore broach the topic to discuss the possible legal, economic and practical impact of such an exception with experts from the field. The TDM exception, as proposed for this panel, is inspired by the “black-box analysis” exception from the Software Directive, which allows lawful users of a program to perform any of the acts of loading, displaying, running, transmitting or storing the program to “determine the ideas and principles” underlying it. The authors of the panel believe that this underlines the general principle of copyright law: namely, that ideas and facts are not protected. Therefore, proposition to be discussed is that a similar exception should be introduced for copyright law in general, that would allow reproductions to be made of works for the sole purpose of extracting facts and ideas underlying them. This would allow TDM activities, where machines ‘read’ lawfully accessed works just as the human reading of works does not require further authorization from the copyright holder